Co-infection of H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus and QX genotype live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus increase the pathogenicity in SPF chickens.

Avian influenza virus (AIV) infection and vaccination against live attenuated infectious bronchitis virus (aIBV) are frequent in poultry worldwide. Here, we evaluated the clinical effect of H9N2 subtype AIV and QX genotype aIBV co-infection in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) white leghorn chickens and explored the potential mechanisms underlying the observed effects using by 4D-FastDIA-based proteomics. The results showed that co-infection of H9N2 AIV and QX aIBV increased mortality and suppressed the growth of SPF chickens.

Avian leukosis virus usurps the cellular SERBP1 protein to enhance its transcription and promote productive infections in avian cells.

Avian leukosis virus subgroup K (ALV-K) is composed of newly emerging isolates, which cluster separately from the well-characterized subgroups A, B, C, D, E, and J in sequence analysis, and exhibits a specific host range and a unique pattern of superinfection interference. Avian leukosis virus subgroup K replicate more slowly in avian cells than other ALV strains, leading to escaped detection during ALV eradication, but the underlying mechanism are largely unknown. In our previous study, we have reported that JS11C1 and most of other suspected ALV-K strains possessed unique mutations in the U3 region.

Virome characterization of diarrheic red-crowned crane (G. japonensis).

Background: The red-crowned crane is one of the vulnerable bird species. Although the captive population has markedly increased over the last decade, infectious diseases can lead to the death of young red-crowned cranes while few virological studies have been conducted.

Methods: Using a viral metagenomics approach, we analyzed the virome of tissues of the dead captive red-crowned crane with diarrhea symptoms in Dongying Biosphere Reserve, Shandong Province, China and feces of individual birds breeding at the corresponding captive breeding center, which were pooled separately.

Illumina high-throughput sequencing for the genome of emerging fowl adenovirus D species and C species simultaneously.

In recent years, clinical cases of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) and hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) have been emerging and increasing in chicken flocks worldwide. Mixed infections with 2 or more fowl adenovirus (FAdV) serotypes were common in these cases. Herein, we collected a clinical sample that was positive for FAdV from 40-day-old broilers with IBH and HPS symptoms in Shandong province of China and determined the complete genome of FAdVs on the Illumina HiSeq4000 platform.

Isolation and Identification of Subgroup J Avian Leukosis Virus Inducing Multiple Systemic Tumors in Parental Meat-Type Chickens.

Avian leukosis virus (ALV) continues evolving to obtain new genomic characters to enhance its pathogenicity. In the present study, an ALV-J strain LH20180301 was isolated from broiler breeder chickens that reached the speak of paralyzation before 20-week-old. The necropsy chickens showed subcutaneous and muscular hemorrhage, and developed tumors in multiple organs including bone, liver, spleen, and kidney.

A Well-Defined H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus Genotype with High Adaption in Mammals was Prevalent in Chinese Poultry Between 2016 to 2019.

H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) is widely prevalent in poultry, and the virus is becoming adaptive to mammals, which poses pandemic importance. Here, BALB/c mice were employed as a model to evaluate the adaption in mammals of 21 field H9N2 viruses isolated from avian species between 2016 to 2019 in China. The replication capacity of the viruses was evaluated in the lungs of mice.

Pathogenicity and complete genome sequence of a fowl adenovirus serotype 8b isolate from China.

In this study, we determined and analyzed the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a fowl adenovirus isolate SD1356 in China and examined its pathogenicity in specific pathogen-free chick embryos and newly hatched chicks. The full genome of SD1356 was 44,454 nucleotides in length with 58.1% G + C content.

Newcastle Disease Virus Infection Interferes With the Formation of Intestinal Microflora in Newly Hatched Specific-Pathogen-Free Chicks.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection leads to disproportion of intestinal tract microbiol population in chickens. Whether vertical infection of NDV affects the formation of a healthy and diverse intestinal community in newly hatched chicks, which might further perturb the establishment of a normal intestinal mucosal immunity, is unclear. This study examined the effects of NDV infection of chick embryos on the formation of the intestinal microbiome of chicks at hatch using 16S rRNA genes pyrosequencing.

16S rRNA genes Illumina sequencing revealed differential cecal microbiome in specific pathogen free chickens infected with different subgroup of avian leukosis viruses.

Intestinal flora play important roles in the pathogenisis of many pathogens. This study examined the cecal microbiome of chickens infected with avian leukosis virus (ALV) using 16S rRNA genes Illumina sequencing. One-day-old specific pathogen free chicks were inoculated in the abdomen with subgroup J or K of ALV.

Exploration of the BF2*15 major histocompatibility complex class I binding motif and identification of cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes from the H5N1 influenza virus nucleoprotein in chickens.

The binding motif of BF2*15 major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I was explored by analyzing the interaction between an infectious bronchitis virus octapeptide and BF2*15, and the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope from the nucleoprotein (NP) of H5N1 virus was identified using experimental methods. Computational methods, including homology modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, and molecular docking analysis, were used. The recombinant plasmid pCAGGS-NP was constructed, and NP expression was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot in transfected 293T cells.

[Lentivirus Delivery of the Short Hairpin RNA Targeting NDV P Gene Inhibits Production of the Newcastle Disease Virus in Chicken Embryo Fibroblasts and Chicken Embryos].

Small interfering ribonucleic acid (siRNA)-induced RNA degradation can inhibit viral infection, and has been investigated extensively for its efficacy as antiviral therapy. The potential therapeutic role of lentiviral-mediated short hairpin ribonucleic acid (shRNA) to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) replication in vivo has been explored less often. We constructed two recombinant lentiviral vectors containing shRNA against the phosphoprotein (P) of the NDV, RNAi-341 and RNAi-671.

Interactive mechanism between avian infectious bronchitis S1 protein T cell peptide and avian MHC I molecule.

This study aims to construct a 3D structure of the avian major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-β2M complex through homology modelling technology, perform molecular docking of the predicted infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) S1 protein potential epitope peptide Sp6 (NQFYIKLT) and the avian MHC-β2M complex, and demonstrate the interactive mechanism between Sp6 and MHC using molecular dynamical simulations. The peptide Sp6 and the non-related peptide NP89-97 (PKKTGGPIY) were used to stimulate in vitro recombinant plasmid (pCAGGS-S1) avian splenic lymphocytes. Flow cytometric results show that CD8(+) T lymphocytes reproduce stimulated by the Sp6 and the nonrelated peptide proliferate by 34.

Genetic, pathogenic and antigenic diversity of Newcastle disease viruses in Shandong Province, China.

Thirty-one Newcastle disease viruses (NDVs) isolated from domestic and wild birds in Shandong Province, China (2006-2014) were characterized genetically, pathogenically and antigenically. Phylogenetic analysis classified the viruses into a single genotype under Class I, and four genotypes under Class II. The nineteen viruses classified in genotype VII of Class II were velogenic, while the other viruses were either mesogenic or lentogenic to chickens.

Two different genotypes of H1N2 swine influenza virus isolated in northern China and their pathogenicity in animals.

During 2006 and 2007, two swine-origin triple-reassortant influenza A (H1N2) viruses were isolated from pigs in northern China, and the antigenic characteristics of the hemagglutinin protein of the viruses were examined. Genotyping and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated different emergence patterns for the two H1N2 viruses, Sw/Hebei/10/06 and Sw/Tianjin/1/07. Sequences for the other genes encoding the internal proteins were compared with the existing data to determine their origins and establish the likely mechanisms of genetic reassortment.

[Complete genomic analysis of a novel infectious bronchitis virus isolate].

The genome of CK/CH/SD09/005, an isolate of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), was characterized to enable the further understanding of the epidemiology and evolution of IBV in China. Twenty-five pairs of primers were designed to amplify the full-length genome of CK/CH/SD09/005. The nucleotide sequence of CK/CH/SD09/005 was compared with reference IBV strains retrieved from GenBank.

Analysis of the phylogeny of Chinese H9N2 avian influenza viruses and their pathogenicity in mice.

We isolated nineteen strains of H9N2 influenza virus from farms across five northern Chinese provinces between 2001 and 2012. Sequence analysis of the genes for the two surface glycoproteins revealed that residue 226 of the hemagglutinin (HA) of eight isolates was a leucine. A T300I mutation in three strains resulted in the loss of a potential glycosylation site.

Two amino acid residues in ion channel protein M2 and polymerase protein PA contribute to replication difference of H5N1 influenza viruses in mice.

A/swine/Fujian/1/2001 (FJ1) and A/Duck/Zhejiang/52/2000 (DK52) are H5N1 influenza viruses that are lethal in chickens. However, in mice, FJ1 is highly pathogenic, whereas DK52 cannot replicate at all. In this study, we used reverse genetics to demonstrate that amino acid residues at position 54 of polymerase acidic protein (PA) and position 26 of ion channel protein M2 of FJ1 and DK52 are important determinants for replication in mice.

Characterization of an avian influenza virus of subtype H4N6 isolated from ducks in the northern China.

In 2010, an H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) was isolated and identified from healthy ducks in a waterfowl market in Shandong Province in the northern China. This virus was named A/duck/Shandong/1/2010 (H4N6) (DK/SD/1/2010 hereafter). The gene sequence of the virus was determined, and genetic and evolutionary analyses were conducted by combining related sequences in GenBank.

[Biological characteristics of three Newcastle disease virus isolates and entire genome sequences analysis].

Three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains recovered from ND outbreaks in chickens and duck flocks in north china during 2009 to 2011 were completely sequenced and biologically characterized. All the strains were velogenic and had the velogenic motif 112R-R-Q-K-R-F117 which was consistent with the results of biological tests. Analysis of the variable region (nucleotide 47 to 420) of the F gene indicated that the three isolates belonged to genotype VII d.

Avian influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) surveillance in commercial breeding farm in China and the characterization of Class I NDV isolates.

In order to determine the actual prevalence of avian influenza virus (AIV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in ducks in Shandong province of China, extensive surveillance studies were carried out in the breeding ducks of an intensive farm from July 2007 to September 2008. Each month cloacal and tracheal swabs were taken from 30 randomly selected birds that appeared healthy. All of the swabs were negative for influenza A virus recovery, whereas 87.

Two genotypes of H1N2 swine influenza viruses appeared among pigs in China.

Background: H1N2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza, which circulates in swine all over the world.

Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and genetic of H1N2 in swine of China.

Study Design: Two H1N2 swine influenza viruses were isolated from Tianjin and Guangdong province of China in 2004 and 2006, respectively.

Isolation and identification of swine influenza recombinant A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2) virus.

Ten influenza virus isolates were obtained from infected pigs from different places in Shandong province showing clinical symptoms from October 2002 to January 2003. All 10 isolates were identified in China's National Influenza Research Center as influenza A virus of H9N2 subtype. The complete genome of one isolate, designated A/Swine/Shandong/1/2003(H9N2), was sequenced and compared with sequences available in GenBank.