Influence of increasing glycine concentrations in reduced crude protein diets fed to broilers from 0 to 48 days.

Two experiments investigated broiler growth performance and processing characteristics when fed increasing Gly concentrations in reduced CP diets fed from 0 to 48 d. In experiment 1, birds were allocated to 1 of 4 dietary treatments: a control (CTL) diet containing feed-grade L-Met, L-Lys, and L-Thr, a reduced CP (RCP) diet with additions of feed-grade L-Val and L-Ile, or the RCP diet with moderate (M Gly) or high Gly (H Gly) inclusion levels to achieve a total Gly + Ser of 100 or 112%, respectively, of the CTL diet. Birds in experiment 2 were assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments: a CTL diet, a RCP diet, or a low CP (LCP) diet without or with added Gly to achieve 88, 100, 112, or 124% total Gly + Ser concentrations of the RCP diet.

Inhibition of type I interferon production via suppressing IKK-gamma expression: a new strategy for counteracting host antiviral defense by influenza A viruses?

Blockage of the induction of type I interferons (IFNs) is essential for the success of influenza virus proliferation in host cells. Several molecular mechanisms by which influenza viruses inhibit IFN induction have been characterized. Here we report a potentially new strategy influenza viruses employ to inhibit IFN production during viral infection.

Label-free capacitive immunosensor based on quartz crystal Au electrode for rapid and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

A label-free capacitive immunosensor based on quartz crystal Au electrode was developed for rapid and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7. The immunosensor was fabricated by immobilizing affinity-purified anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibodies onto self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) on the surface of a quartz crystal Au electrode.

Perchlorate detection at nanomolar concentrations by surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Perchlorate (ClO4-) has emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant and has been detected in various food products and even in human breast milk and urine. This research developed a sensing technique based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for rapid screening and monitoring of this contaminant in groundwater and surface water. The technique was found to be capable of detecting ClO4- at concentrations as low as 10(-9) M (or approximately 0.

TiO2 nanowire bundle microelectrode based impedance immunosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Listeria monocytogenes.

A novel TiO 2 nanowire bundle microelectrode based immunosensor was demonstrated as a more sensitive, specific, and rapid technology for detection of Listeria monocytogenes. TiO 2 nanowire bundle was prepared through a hydrothermal reaction of alkali with TiO 2 powder and connected to gold microelectrodes with mask welding. Monoclonal antibodies were immobilized on the surface of a TiO 2 nanowire bundle to specifically capture L.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for uranium detection and analysis in environmental samples.

Techniques for rapid screening of uranium in environmental samples are needed, and this study entails the development of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for analyzing uranium in aqueous media with improved sensitivity and reproducibility. A new SERS substrate based on (aminomethyl)phosphonic acid (APA)-modified gold nanoparticles was found to give greater than three orders of magnitude SERS enhancement compared with unmodified bare gold nanoparticles. Intensities of uranyl band at about 830 cm(-1) were proportional to the concentrations of uranium in solution, especially at relatively low concentrations (<10(-5) M).

In situ bioreduction of uranium (VI) to submicromolar levels and reoxidation by dissolved oxygen.

Groundwater within Area 3 of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Environmental Remediation Sciences Program (ERSP) Field Research Center at Oak Ridge, TN (ORFRC) contains up to 135 microM uranium as U(VI).

Development of gold-silica composite nanoparticle substrates for perchlorate detection by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) holds promise for rapid, in situ detection of perchlorate (ClO4-) in the environment if sensitive and reproducible SERS substrates can be developed. In this study, new, functionalized gold-silica (Au-SiO2) composite nanoparticles were synthesized and used as SERS substrates for ClO4- detection. These nanoparticles were composed of a silica core with Au nanoparticles grafted onto the SiO2 spheres by in situ chemical reduction of AuCl4- or physisorption of Au colloids.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering for perchlorate detection using cystamine-modified gold nanoparticles.

Perchlorate (ClO4-) has recently emerged as a widespread environmental contaminant found in groundwater and surface water, and there is a great need for rapid detection and monitoring of this contaminant. This study presents a new technique using cystamine-modified gold nanoparticles as a substrate for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of perchlorate at low concentrations. A detection limit of 5x10(-6) M (0.

Controlled fabrication of nanopillar arrays as active substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Highly ordered gold nanopillar arrays were fabricated using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. Nanopillars with a dimension of 110 +/- 15 nm in vertical height and 75 +/- 10 nm in base diameter were formed with a density of 150 microm(-2). The ordered nanopillar arrays give reproducible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at a detection limit of 10(-8) M using thionine as probing molecules.

Determination of technetium and its speciation by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Technetium-99 (Tc) is an important radionuclide of concern, and there is a great need for its detection and speciation analysis in the environment. For the first time, we report that surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is capable of detecting an inorganic radioactive anion, pertechnetate (TcO4-), at approximately 10(-7) M concentration levels. The technique also allows the detection of various species of Tc such as oxidized Tc(VII) and reduced and possibly complexed Tc(IV) species by use of gold nanoparticles as a SERS substrate.

Fabrication of highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays using an organic electrolyte.

Anodization of titanium in a fluorinated dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ethanol mixture electrolyte is investigated. The prepared anodic film has a highly ordered nanotube-array surface architecture. Using a 20 V anodization potential (vs Pt) nanotube arrays having an inner diameter of 60 nm and 40 nm wall thickness are formed.

Detection of alkaline phosphatase using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

A new approach was developed to detect the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme at ultralow concentrations using a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. The approach is based on the use of gold nanoparticles as a SERS material whereas 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) is used as a substrate of ALP. The enzymatic hydrolysis of BCIP led to the formation of indigo dye derivatives, which were found to be highly SERS active.

A staphylococcal enterotoxin B magnetoelastic immunosensor.

A magnetoelastic immunosensor for detection of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) is described. The magnetoelastic sensor is a newly developed mass/elasticity-based transducer of high sensitivity having a material cost of approximately $0.001/sensor.

A wireless, remote query glucose biosensor based on a pH-sensitive polymer.

This paper describes a wireless, remote query glucose biosensor using a ribbonlike, mass-sensitive magnetoelastic sensor as the transducer. The glucose biosensor is fabricated by first coating the magnetoelastic sensor with a pH-sensitive polymer and upon it a layer of glucose oxidase (GOx). The pH-responsive polymer swells or shrinks, thereby changing mass, respectively, in response to increasing or decreasing pH values.

A magnetoelastic bioaffinity-based sensor for avidin.

A magnetoelastic bioaffinity sensor coupled with biocatalytic precipitation is described for avidin detection. The non-specific adsorption characteristics of streptavidin on different functionalized sensor surfaces are examined. It is found that a biotinylated poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) interface can effectively block non-specific adsorption of proteins.

Magnetoelastic immunosensors: amplified mass immunosorbent assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7.

A mass-sensitive magnetoelastic immunosensor for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 is described, based on immobilization of affinity-purified antibodies attached to the surface of a micrometer-scale magnetoelastic cantilever. Alkaline phosphatase is used as a labeled enzyme to the anti-E. coli O157:H7 antibody, amplifying the mass change associated with the antibody-antigen binding reaction by biocatalytic precipitation of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate in a pH 10.

Detection of viable Salmonella typhimurium by impedance measurement of electrode capacitance and medium resistance.

Three-electrode electrochemical impedance technique was investigated for detection of Salmonella typhimurium by monitoring the growth of bacteria in selenite cystine (SC) broth supplemented with trimethylamine oxide hydrochloride (TMAO.HCl) and mannitol (M). The change in the system impedance during the growth of bacteria was studied using frequency spectral scanning.

Immunobiosensor chips for detection of Escherichia coil O157:H7 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Impedance biosensor chips were developed for detection of Escherichia coli O157:H7 based on the surface immobilization of affinity-purified antibodies onto indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode chips. The immobilization of antibodies onto ITO chips was carried out using an epoxysilane monolayer to serve as a template for chemical anchoring of antibodies. The surface characteristics of chips before and after the binding reaction between the antibodies and antigens were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM).