Temperature-dependent decomposition of the CL-20/MTNP cocrystal after phase separation.

CL-20 (2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaazaisowurtzitane)-based cocrystals are attractive energetic cocrystals with a potential for high energy and low sensitivity, which account for nearly one-third of energetic cocrystals. The applications of cocrystal explosives require in-depth understanding of their thermal kinetics behaviors. Although thermal kinetics of the decomposition of CL-20-based cocrystals having no melting point have been studied, relevant research of CL-20-based cocrystals having a melting point, which are also the most frequently observed type, is still rare.

The unusual effect of paraffin wax on the thermal decomposition of cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine.

The practical application of paraffin wax (PW) in cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (HMX)-based polymer-bonded explosive (PBX) requires an understanding of its effect on the thermal decomposition of HMX. In this work, by comparing the thermal decomposition of HMX and a HMX/PW mixture, combined with crystal morphology analysis, molecular dynamics simulation, kinetic analysis, and gas product analysis, the unusual phenomenon and mechanism of the PW effect on the thermal decomposition of HMX were evaluated. During the initial decomposition, PW infiltrates the crystal surface of HMX, reduces the energy barrier for chemical bond dissociation, and induces the decomposition of molecules on HMX crystals, resulting in a lower initial decomposition temperature.

"Thermal escape" of MTNP: the phase separation of CL-20/MTNP cocrystals under long-term heating.

High-energy, low-sensitivity energetic cocrystals are one successful application of the supramolecular strategy. The practical application of cocrystal explosives requires an in-depth understanding of the stability of their crystal phase structure under long-term heating, but relevant research is rare. In this study, the CL-20/MTNP (2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane/1-methyl-3,4,5-trinitropyrazole) cocrystal was selected as a representative cocrystal explosive to investigate its crystal phase structure stability under long-term heating.

Yang Yang (Diptera: Tipulidae) newly recorded from Shandong, China: sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the mitochondrial genome.

The genus Latreille, 1804 is recorded from Shandong Province, China for the first time with Yang Yang, 1988 found in Mount Kunyu, Shandong. In this study, we report the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of , representing the first mitochondrial genome of the subfamily Ctenophorinae (Diptera: Tipulidae), which is a circular molecule of 15,888 bp with an AT content of 77.6%.

The complete mitochondrial genome and phylogenetic analysis of Walker, 1848 (Diptera, Tipulidae) from Qingdao, Shandong, China.

The genus Linnaeus, 1758 is a large group of crane flies with more than 2400 known species from 41 subgenera. In this study, we report the first complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of the subgenus , which is a circular molecule of 15,668 bp with an AT content of 77.2%.

A mechanism for two-step thermal decomposition of 2,6-diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105).

2,6-Diamino-3,5-dinitropyrazine-1-oxide (LLM-105) is a representative of the new generation of low-sensitivity energetic materials and has been applied extensively in formulations as an insensitive high-energetic ingredient. Although the initial thermal decomposition mechanism of LLM-105 has been studied based on quantum chemical calculations, the internal mechanism of the two-step thermal decomposition still lacks experimental research. Thus, this study involves a detailed experimental study to reveal the mechanism of the two-step thermal decomposition of LLM-105.

Comparative Study of the Decomposition Mechanism and Kinetics of Biimidazole-Based Energetic Explosives.

It is well known that imidazoles, possessing two or more nitro substituents, are potential candidates for highly energetic explosives with detonation parameters comparable to those of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and 1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetraazacyclooctane. 4,4',5,5'-Tetranitro-2,2'-bi-imidazole (TNBI) is a typical imidazole explosive with energy equivalent to that of RDX but suffers from low sensitivity (impact sensitivity 7 J). 1,1'-Diamino-4,4',5,5'-tetranitro-2,2'-biimidazole (DATNBI), a derivative of TNBI, possesses two -NH groups and has a higher detonation velocity (9063 m s) and lower impact sensitivity of 15 J, which indicates great potential for future applications.

Kinetics and mechanism of decomposition induced by solvent evolution in ICM-101 solvates: solvent-evolution-induced low-temperature decomposition.

[2,2'-Bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-dinitramide (ICM-101), a high-energy-density material, was reported in recent years. ICM-101 is the first energetic material with the 2,2'-bi(1,3,4-oxadiazole) structure as the main ring structure. The molecular structure of ICM-101 shows excellent planar characteristics, providing a new option for the design of high-energy-density materials.

Studies on the thermal behavior and safety of a novel thermostable explosive BPTAP.

Thermal decomposition of a highly thermostable explosive dihydroxylammonium 2,4,8,10-tetranitro-benzopyrido-1,3,6,6-tetraazapentalene (BPTAP) was studied using conventional thermal analysis techniques (Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Differential Scanning Calorimetry). To obtain more comprehensive insight into the kinetics mechanism of BPTAP decomposition, thermoanalytical experiments were performed under non-hermetic and hermetic conditions. Several widely used thermoanalytical data processing techniques based on model-free kinetics (Flynn-Wall-Ozawa, Kissinger, Freidman, numerical optimization) were studied and compared.

The effects of H, NHOH and NH on the thermal decomposition of bistetrazole N-oxide anion.

The bistetrazole N-oxide energetic ionic salt dihydroxylammonium 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (TKX-50) has attracted great interest as it breaks through the limitations of the traditional nitro group, high detonation velocity and moderate impact sensitivity. Reports show that TKX-50 transforms into the 5,5'-bis(2-hydroxytetrazole) (BTO) precursor, which is further decomposed and partly converted to diamino 5,5'-bistetrazole-1,1'-diolate (ABTOX). Studying the effects of H+, NH3OH+ and NH4+ on the thermal decomposition mechanism of bistetrazole N-oxide anion would provide a more comprehensive understanding of the TKX-50 decomposition mechanism.

A study on the comprehension of differences in specific kinetic energy of TKX-50 and HMX from the perspective of gas products.

5,5'-Bitetrazole-1,1'-dioxydihydroxylamine salt (TKX-50), a high-energy energetic material, possesses good safety and energy properties. The energy characteristic data of TKX-50 are commonly generated via theoretical simulation and experimental measurements. Interestingly, the detonation velocity of TKX-50 is higher than HMX, but the specific kinetic energy of TKX-50 is the opposite.

A cell clone strain from Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) highly susceptible to Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) and M. separata NPV (MsNPV).

In this study, we describe a cell line, Ms-10C, cloned from the line QAU-Ms-E-10 (simplified Ms-10), an embryonic line from Mythimna separata. The cloned cell line was significantly more sensitive to nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV). Ms-10C cells were mainly spherical with a diameter of 14.

Preparation and characterization of an amphipathic magnetic nanosphere.

The amphipathic magnetic nanospheres were synthesized using C8 and polyethylene glycol as ligands. Their morphology, structure, and composition were characterized by transmission electron microscope, Fourier transform infrared, and elementary analysis. The prepared materials presented uniform sphere with size distribution about 200 nm.

Hyperbranched polymers containing stereocontorted cores as on-line solid-phase microextraction adsorbent for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

A polymer monolith column was prepared using click chemistry for on-line solid phase microextraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), using 2,2',7,7'-tetraethynyl-9,9'-spirobifluorene(TES) and 1,4-bis(6-azidoalkoxy)benzene (BAB) as monomers, and Cu(PPh3)3Br as the catalyst. The polymer with spirocyclic cross-links was porous and presented an appropriate interspace of PAHs. Enrichment of PAHs, in the range of 100 to more than 1000 times, was due to the π-π stacking interaction and the effect of small size.

Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymer using attapulgite as matrix by ultrasonic irradiation for simultaneous on-line solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography determination of four estrogens.

A molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation, with attapulgite as matrix using β-naphthol as the template molecule, acryloyl-β-cyclodextrin as the functional monomer, and N,N-methylenebiacrylamide as the cross-linking agent, respectively. The imprinted polymer was characterized by infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Compared to polymers prepared by traditional heat sources, the molecularly imprinted polymer synthesized by ultrasonic irradiation had better selectivity and faster adsorption kinetics to estriol, estradiol, estrone and diethylstilbestrol.

Preparation, Characterization, and Application of Magnetic Fe-SBA-15 Mesoporous Silica Molecular Sieves.

Magnetic Fe-SBA-15 mesoporous silica molecular sieves were prepared, characterized, and used for magnetic separation. Wet impregnation, drying, and calcination steps led to iron inclusion within the mesopores. Iron oxide was reduced to the metal form with hydrogen, and the magnetic Fe-SBA-15 was obtained.

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer for simultaneous extraction and determination of sudan dyes by on-line solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography.

A novel molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized with attapulgite employed as matrix, which is simple and time-saving. In this method, sudan I was chosen as template molecule, 2-vinylpyridine as functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross-linking agent, respectively. The imprinted polymer was characterized by the infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.

Synthesis and characterization of Fe3O4@SiO2@poly-L-alanine, peptide brush-magnetic microspheres through NCA chemistry for drug delivery and enrichment of BSA.

A novel Fe3O4@SiO2@poly-L-alanine peptide brush-magnetic microsphere (PBMMs) was synthesized from amine-functionalized Fe3O4 through the surface-initiated polymerization of N-carboxyanhydrides. Two materials with different peptide lengths were obtained from different amounts of N-carboxyanhydrides. These materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, transmission electron microscopy, large-angle powder X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometer and elemental analysis.

Preparation, characterization and application of p-tert-butyl-calix[4]arene-SBA-15 mesoporous silica molecular sieves.

p-tert-Butyl-calix[4]arene-SBA-15 mesoporous silica molecular sieves have been prepared and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. FT-IR spectra showed the presence of methylene (-CH(2)-), methyl (-CH(3)) and phenyl bands on the modified SBA-15. Powder XRD data indicated the structure of p-tert-butyl-calix[4]arene-SBA-15 remained the host SBA-15 structure.

Preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer for rapid determination of bisphenol A in environmental water and milk samples.

A magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (M-MIP) of bisphenol A (BPA) was prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The morphological and magnetic characteristics of the M-MIP were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry. The adsorption capacities of the M-MIP and the nonimprinted polymer were investigated using static adsorption tests, and were found to be 390 and 270 mg g(-1), respectively.

Preparation of functionalized magnetic nanoparticulate sorbents for rapid extraction of biphenolic pollutants from environmental samples.

A new solid-phase extraction coupled with magnetic carrier technology was developed for extraction of bisphenol A (BPA) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) from water samples. The SPE sorbents, functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe3O4@SiO2/beta-CD, core/shell), were synthesized in a two-stage system. The material was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and a vibrating sample magnetometer.

Novel molecularly imprinted polymer prepared by nanoattapulgite as matrix for selective solid-phase extraction of diethylstilbestrol.

Using nanoattapulgite as matrix, both diethylstilbestrol surface molecularly imprinted polymer and non-imprinted polymer were synthesized in this work. Compared with each other, the diethylstilbestrol surface molecularly imprinted polymer is superior to non-imprinted polymer in adsorption capacity, selectivity and mass transfer property. The maximum static adsorption capacities of diethylstilbestrol surface molecularly imprinted polymer, non-imprinted polymer and nanoattapulgite for diethylstilbestrol was 105.

Molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion for extraction of chloramphenicol in fish tissues coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography determination.

The synthesis and evaluation of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a selective matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) sorbent, coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography for the efficient determination of chloramphenicol (CAP) in fish tissues are studied. The polymer was prepared using CAP as the template molecule, vinylpyridine as the functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as the cross-linking monomer, and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant in the presence of water as a solvent by miniemulsion polymerization. The CAP-imprinted polymers and nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) were characterized by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and static adsorption experiments.

Selective solid-phase extraction using molecular imprinted polymer for the analysis of diethylstilbestrol.

A simple imprinted amino-functionalized silica gel material was synthesized by combining a surface molecular imprinting technique with a sol-gel process for solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC) determination of diethylstilbestrol (DES). Activated silica gel was used as the supporter and non-imprinted silica sorbent was synthesized without the addition of DES using the same procedure as that of DES-imprinted silica sorbent. Compared with non-imprinted polymer particles, the prepared DES-imprinted silica sorbent showed high adsorption capacity, significant selectivity, good site accessibility and fast binding kinetics for DES.

A novel sol-gel-material prepared by a surface imprinting technique for the selective solid-phase extraction of bisphenol A.

A novel and simple imprinted amino-functionalized silica gel material was synthesized by combining a surface molecular imprinting technique with a sol-gel process on the supporter of activated silica gel for solid-phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography (SPE-HPLC) determination of bisphenol A (BPA). Non-imprinted silica sorbent was synthesized without the addition of BPA using the same procedure as that of BPA-imprinted silica sorbent. The BPA-imprinted silica sorbent and non-imprinted silica sorbent were characterized by FT-IR and the static adsorption experiments.