Fusobacterium nucleatum-derived succinic acid induces tumor resistance to immunotherapy in colorectal cancer.

Immune checkpoint blockade therapy with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) is a treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, some patients remain unresponsive to PD-1 blockade. The gut microbiota has been linked to immunotherapy resistance through unclear mechanisms.

Rise of PD-L1 expression during metastasis of colorectal cancer: Implications for immunotherapy.

Objective: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) was implicated in predicting anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy efficacy. However, therapeutic response has also been found in patients without PD-L1 expression in the primary tumor. In the present study, we aimed to clarify the prevalence of PD-L1 in primary and metastatic CRC.