Distinct roles of small extracellular vesicles from resident and infiltrating macrophages on glioma growth and mobility.

Previous studies revealed that tumor-associated macrophages/microglia (TAMs) promoted glioma invasiveness during tumor progression and after radiotherapy. However, the communication of TAMs with tumor cells remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the role of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) derived from TAMs in TAMs-mediated brain tumor invasion.

Purification and cloning of an endogenous protein inhibitor of carp nephrosin, an astacin metalloproteinase.

Nephrosin is a newly discovered member of the astacin family. It is a secreted proteinase and is present in carp head kidney, kidney, and spleen, all of which are responsible for immune and hematopoietic functions in fish. A complex formed by nephrosin and its inhibitor was purified from carp kidney extract by heparin affinity column chromatography.

Change of gene expression profiles in the retina following optic nerve injury.

The purpose of the present study was to search for changes in gene expression patterns in the retina following optic nerve injury. We conducted a subtractive hybridization for comparison of the mRNAs in those retinas receiving optic nerve crush injury and those receiving sham operation. Both forward and reverse subtractions were carried out for 8-h and 24-h time points postoperatively.