Natural history of functional decline in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review.

Background: Knowledge of functional evolution in dementia is crucial for the patients and their families as well as the clinician.

Objective: This review identifies scales and outcomes used to describe the natural history of functional decline and describes the natural history of functional decline in a representative clinical population sample of published studies of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).

Methods: A search of three relevant databases was conducted and limited to articles published in English and French between 1998 to March 2012, using the keywords "Dementia", "Activities of Daily Living", "Instrumental Activities of Daily Living", "Functional Impairment", "Prognosis", and "Disease Progression".

Feeding dystonia in McLeod syndrome.

Background: The X-linked McLeod syndrome belongs to the group of neuroacanthocytosis syndromes and has a Huntington-disease-like phenotype with a choreatic movement disorder, cognitive alterations, and psychiatric symptoms. Another neuroacanthocytosis syndrome, the autosomal recessive chorea-acanthocytosis, has a similar presentation, but distinct clinical features, believed to be characteristic, such as tongue protrusion dystonia, feeding dystonia, and rubber-man-like appearance.

Methods: This work comprised a case series of 3 patients with McLeod syndrome.