Cell-free extracts of Propionibacterium acnes stimulate cytokine production through activation of p38 MAPK and Toll-like receptor in SZ95 sebocytes.

Aims: Propionibacterium acnes has been considered to influence the acne lesions. The present study intended to elucidate the underlying signaling pathways of P. acnes in human sebaceous gland cells relative to the generation of proinflammatory cytokines.

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 can modulate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase/Akt/FoxO1 pathway in SZ95 sebocytes in vitro.

A recent hypothesis suggests that a high glycaemic load diet-associated increase of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and insulin may promote acne by reducing nuclear localization of the forkhead box-O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor via activation of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway. Using SZ95 sebocytes as a model, we investigated the effect of the most important insulinotropic western dietary factors, IGF-1 and insulin on acne. SZ95 sebocytes were stimulated with different concentrations of IGF-1 and insulin (0.

Hidradenitis Suppurativa/Acne Inversa: Criteria for Diagnosis, Severity Assessment, Classification and Disease Evaluation.

Background: Hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) is a chronic, inflammatory, recurrent, debilitating disease, which inflicts a significant burden on patients and is associated with comorbid disorders, such as significantly reduced quality of life, depression, stigmatization, inactivity, working disability, impairment of sexual health and several cardiovascular risk factors.

Aims/methods: To implement an expert consensus on the diagnostic criteria, severity and classification assessment, and an assessment of anti-inflammatory treatment effectiveness based on current evidence.

Results: This article provides criteria for diagnosis, severity assessment, classification and evaluation of HS patients.

EGFR/ERBB receptors differentially modulate sebaceous lipogenesis.

The roles of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in sebaceous glands remain poorly explored. We show that human sebocytes express EGFR and lower levels of ERBB2 and ERBB3, all receptors being downregulated after the induction of lipid synthesis. Nile red staining showed that siRNA-mediated downregulation of EGFR or ERBB3 increases lipid accumulation, whereas ERBB2 downregulation has no effect.

Expression of Protease-Activated Receptor-2 in SZ95 Sebocytes and its Role in Sebaceous Lipogenesis, Inflammation, and Innate Immunity.

Protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) functions as innate biosensor for proteases and regulates numerous functions of the skin. However, the expression and physiological role of PAR-2 in sebocytes remain to be elucidated. Here, we identified PAR-2 expression in SZ95 sebocytes at both mRNA and protein levels.

Ex vivo human skin and SZ95 sebocytes exhibit a homoeostatic interaction in a novel coculture contact model.

The sebaceous gland displays key functions of the human skin, such as hormone synthesis in situ, antimicrobial activity and participation to inflammatory responses. Consequently, there is an emerging need of advanced in vitro models to study complex interactions between the sebaceous gland and the other skin compartments. Despite the evolution of both full-skin organ culture and reconstructed three-dimensional skin models, no satisfactory solutions have been provided for the integration of sebaceous glands and/or sebaceous gland cells in those models, probably due to their problematic maintenance both in vitro and ex vivo.

Age-associated skin changes in innate immunity markers reflect a complex interaction between aging mechanisms in the sebaceous gland.

Skin aging is the most apparent form of senescence and could reflect the aging of inner organs. Molecular changes involved in innate immunity signaling, tumorigenesis, and inflammation were studied. Protein levels were evaluated based on the immunohistochemistry of the skin of 42 young and old individuals.

Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neuronal cells from a sporadic Alzheimer's disease donor as a model for investigating AD-associated gene regulatory networks.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, irreversible neurodegenerative disorder. At present there are neither reliable markers to diagnose AD at an early stage nor therapy. To investigate underlying disease mechanisms, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allow the generation of patient-derived neuronal cells in a dish.

Resveratrol exerts growth inhibitory effects on human SZ95 sebocytes through the inactivation of the PI3-K/Akt pathway.

Resveratrol is known to be a naturally produced polyphenol that is able to reduce cell proliferation in several types of cancer cells and adipocytes. However, the antiproliferative effects of resveratrol on the growth of human sebocytes are not yet clear. In the present study, we investigated possible cellular pathways associated with these growth inhibitory effects on human SZ95 sebocytes.

[Systemic Adamantiades-Behçet's disease: adverse effects of an otherwise successful therapy with interferon-α-2a].

Background: Adamantiades-Behçet's disease is an immune-mediated vasculitis with relapsing course. It is characterised by the classic clinical trias of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers and uveitis.

History And Findings: A 37-year-old woman suffered from systemic Adamantiades-Behçet disease with recurrent uveitis, oral ulcers, genital ulcers, arthralgia, erythema nodosum and folliculitis.

Acne vulgaris.

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease - rather than a natural part of the life cycle as colloquially viewed - of the pilosebaceous unit (comprising the hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland) and is among the most common dermatological conditions worldwide. Some of the key mechanisms involved in the development of acne include disturbed sebaceous gland activity associated with hyperseborrhoea (that is, increased sebum production) and alterations in sebum fatty acid composition, dysregulation of the hormone microenvironment, interaction with neuropeptides, follicular hyperkeratinization, induction of inflammation and dysfunction of the innate and adaptive immunity. Grading of acne involves lesion counting and photographic methods.

Characterization of the sebocyte lipid droplet proteome reveals novel potential regulators of sebaceous lipogenesis.

Lipid metabolism depends on lipid droplets (LD), cytoplasmic structures surrounded by a protein-rich phospholipid monolayer. Although lipid synthesis is the hallmark of sebaceous gland cell differentiation, the LD-associated proteins of sebocytes have not been evaluated systematically. The LD fraction of SZ95 sebocytes was collected by density gradient centrifugation and associated proteins were analyzed by nanoliquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry.

Neuropeptides and skin aging.

Abstract Neuropeptides (NP) are peptides that are released as chemical messengers from nerve cells. They act either in an endocrine manner, where they reach their target cells via the bloodstream or a paracrine manner, as co-transmitters modulating the function of neurotransmitters. To date approximately 100 different NP have been described in the literature.

Skin mirrors human aging.

Abstract Aged skin exhibits disturbed lipid barrier, angiogenesis, production of sweat, immune functions, and calcitriol synthesis as well as the tendency towards development of certain benign or malignant diseases. These complex biological processes comprise endogenous and exogenous factors. Ethnicity also markedly influences the phenotype of skin aging.

The treatment of chronic recurrent oral aphthous ulcers.

Background: Chronic recurrent oral aphthous ulcers are the most common type of inflammatory efflorescence of the oral mucosa, with a prevalence of 2% to 10% in Caucasian populations. To treat them properly, physicians should know their clinical appearance and course, conditioning factors, underlying causes, and differential diagnosis.

Method: This review is based on pertinent articles that were retrieved by a selective search in PubMed and in the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials.

Acne tarda and male-pattern baldness unmasking primary ovarian insufficiency: a case and review.

A 30-year-old woman presented with recurrent acne lesions and progressing male-pattern baldness. Furthermore, she reported amenorrhea, weight loss, mucosal xerosis and dyspareunia since discontinuation of hormonal contraception 6 months earlier in order to conceive. Acne tarda and androgenetic alopecia of female pattern were diagnosed.

Gender-specific differences in Adamantiades-Behçet's disease manifestations: an analysis of the German registry and meta-analysis of data from the literature.

Objective: We investigated the effect of gender on the clinical Adamantiades-Behçet's disease (ABD) phenotype with data from the German ABD registry and a meta-analysis from a systematic literature review.

Methods: Using the German ABD registry data, we compared 36 clinical variables by gender (with women as the reference category) and investigated potential effect modification by HLA-B5 or ethnic background. The registry data were combined with those from a literature search to calculate pooled relative risks (RRs) for variables with data from ≥10 relevant datasets.

Steroidogenic enzymes, their related transcription factors and nuclear receptors in human sebaceous glands under normal and pathological conditions.

The sebaceous gland is a major site of steroid synthesis in human skin, but details of the status of steroidogenic enzymes and their regulation in human sebaceous glands under normal and pathological conditions have rarely been reported. Therefore, in this study, we examined the status of steroidogenic enzymes, sex steroid receptors and transcription factors in human sebaceous glands under normal and pathological conditions to explore their possible roles in in situ steroid production in human skin. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed in a total of 59 human skin specimens, including 22 normal human sebaceous glands, 12 with sebaceous nevus, 12 with sebaceous gland hyperplasia, 3 with sebaceoma and 10 with sebaceous carcinoma.