and markers of resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine five years (2016-2020) after the implementation of seasonal malaria chemoprevention in Cameroon.

Background: Antimalarial drug resistance is a major challenge in the fight against malaria. Cameroon implemented seasonal malaria chemoprevention (SMC) with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and amodiaquine (SPAQ) to over 1.5 million children aged 3-59 months from 2016, raising concerns whether drug pressure may lead to a selection of known parasite resistance mutations.

Application of a new highly multiplexed amplicon sequencing tool to evaluate antimalarial resistance and relatedness in individual and pooled samples from Dschang, Cameroon.

Background: Resistance to antimalarial drugs remains a major obstacle to malaria elimination. Multiplexed, targeted amplicon sequencing is being adopted for surveilling resistance and dissecting the genetics of complex malaria infections. Moreover, genotyping of parasites and detection of molecular markers drug resistance in resource-limited regions requires open-source protocols for processing samples, using accessible reagents, and rapid methods for processing numerous samples including pooled sequencing.

Trypanosome infections in animals from tsetse infected areas of Cameroon and their sensitivity and resistance molecular profiles for diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride.

Monitoring and assessment of control strategies for African trypanosomoses' elimination require not only updating data on trypanosome infections, but also to have an overview on the molecular profiles of trypanocides resistance in different epidemiological settings. This study was designed to determine, in animals from six tsetse-infested areas of Cameroon, the prevalence of trypanosome infections as well as the diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) sensitivity/resistance molecular profiles of these trypanosomes. From 2016 to 2019, blood was collected in pigs, dogs, sheep, goats and cattle from six tsetse infested areas of Cameroon.

Molecular characterization of antimicrobial resistance related genes in E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella isolates from broilers in the West Region of Cameroon.

Background: Antibiotic resistance has become an enduring threat to human health. This has prompted extensive research to identify the determinants responsible in a bid to fight the spread of resistance and also develop new antibiotics. However, routine procedures focus on identifying genetic determinants of resistance only on phenotypically resistant isolates.

Arboviruses as an unappreciated cause of non-malarial acute febrile illness in the Dschang Health District of western Cameroon.

Acute febrile illness is a common problem managed by clinicians and health systems globally, particularly in the Tropics. In many regions, malaria is a leading and potentially deadly cause of fever; however, myriad alternative etiologies exist. Identifying the cause of fever allows optimal management, but this depends on many factors including thorough knowledge of circulating infections.

Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Isolates from Broiler Chicken in the West Region of Cameroon: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant food-borne pathogens of animal origin including is a growing concern. Identifying and monitoring resistance in isolates from human-related environments are of clinical and epidemiological significance in containing antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to contribute towards the fight against antibiotic resistance and ameliorate the management/treatment of -linked diseases in Cameroon.

Prevalence and awareness of mode of transmission of typhoid fever in patients diagnosed with and infections at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong, Bui Division, Cameroon.

Introduction: typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease caused by the bacteria Salmonella enterica subspecies (typhi). It is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. This cross-sectional descriptive study aimed at determining the prevalence and awareness of the mode of transmission of Salmonella typhi among patients at the Saint Elisabeth General Hospital Shisong of Cameroon.

Free Radical Scavenging Capacities and Alleviating Actions of Polysaccharides Extract of on Methylprednisolone-Induced Immunodepression in Rats.

Background: Natural products have been said to show immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. The research study was aimed to assess the immunomodulatory and free radical scavenging activities of crude polysaccharide from dry mushroom fruiting bodies of .

Materials And Methods: Hot water extract of polysaccharide extract of was prepared and tested in white albino Wister rats for its immunomodulatory activities effect on methylprednisolone-immunosuppressed animals.

Aetiology and risk factors of bacterial gastroenteritis among febrile outpatients at the Dschang District Hospital, West Region of Cameroon: a cross-sectional study.

Objectives: To investigate the bacterial aetiologies and associated risk factors of gastroenteritis among typhoid suspected cases.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Setting: This study was conducted at Dschang District Hospital of the Menoua Division, West Region of Cameroon, between April-November 2019 and June 2020.

The Effect of HBV/HCV in Response to HAART in HIV Patients after 12 Months in Kumba Health District in the South West Region of Cameroon.

Hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) are two among the numerous forms of infections whose clinical degeneration, morbidity-mortality and low immune responsiveness in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly evident. Co-infection of HIV with HBV and HCV has been associated with reduced survival, increased risk of progression to liver diseases and increased risk of hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy (ARV). We carried out biochemical, immunological, virological and clinical analysis of hepatitis B and C positive HIV patients as well as some HIV positive individuals receiving antiretroviral therapy in Kumba Health District to evaluate the immune response to the ARV therapy and identified risk factors associated with the treatment outcomes.

A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study of the Performance of the Widal Test and the Typhidot Immunoassay for Typhoid Fever Diagnosis in the West Region of Cameroon.

Background: The diagnosis of typhoid fever based on the Widal slide agglutination test remains a major hurdle in developing countries due to varied perceptions of the value of the Widal test in determining clinical decision-making. We undertook a study to evaluate the diagnostic performance of the Widal test and the Typhidot immunoassay in patients suspected of having typhoid fever in the Menoua division, West Region of Cameroon.

Methods: Blood and stool samples were collected from 558 consenting febrile patients on the basis of suspicion of typhoid fever.

Group B Streptococcus colonisation, prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern among pregnant women attending antenatal care at Dschang District Hospital, West Region of Cameroon: A hospital-based cross-sectional study.

Background: Group B Streptococcus (GBS), also known as Streptococcus agalactiae, is a Gram-positive bacterium known for its ability to colonise the vaginal and rectal areas of the mother and is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity. This study aimed at determining the prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility of GBS colonisation among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Dschang District Hospital.

Methods: This hospital-based cross-sectional study used a multistage sampling method to recruit a total of 621 consented pregnant women who attended ANC in Dchang District Hospital.

Cross-sectional hospital-based study on the seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus markers among healthcare workers, NWR, Cameroon.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health issue worldwide, with about 257 million people reported to be chronic carriers by the WHO fact sheet updated in 2018. HBV can be contracted via direct contact with infected body fluid and infection is almost always asymptomatic. Although healthcare workers (HCWs) are at high risk of HBV infection, little is known about the prevalence of the various HBV markers among HCWs in Cameroon.

Molecular identification of diminazene aceturate-resistant strains of Trypanosoma congolense in naturally infected domestic animals of Yoko in the centre region of Cameroon.

African animal trypanosomiases (AAT) remain the major constraint for livestock production, agriculture and food security in Africa. Although several control measures have been developed to fight AAT, the use of trypanocides remains the main strategy in most affected poor and rural communities. However, several studies have highlighted drug-resistant-trypanosome infections in many African countries, though this phenomenon is still not well described.

Immunological Activities of Crude Polysaccharides Extracts of (Phanerochaetaceae) in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Rat Macrophages and Neutrophils' Responses.

Mushroom contains a wide variety of components with high immune-modulating properties. Mushroom polysaccharides are known as immunocorrectors with wide areas of usage, which balance the immune system without resulting in the entire immune suppression or overreaction. To explore the potentially immunomodulatory role of , the present study was intended to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides (CPP) on rat neutrophils and macrophages.

Immunomodulatory Activity of L. (Cucurbitaceae) Leaf Diethyl Ether and Methanol Extracts on -Infected Mice and LPS-Induced Phagocytic Activities of Macrophages and Neutrophils.

Infections due to strains constitute one of the major health problems in humans, particularly in Africa. The use of traditional herbs has proven effective in reducing the incidence of infection in some high-risk groups. To assess the effects of leaf extracts that influence blood infection, an study of the effect on macrophages and neutrophils and treatment of mouse model of infection was done.

Knowledge, attitude and prevalence of hepatitis B virus among healthcare workers: a cross-sectional, hospital-based study in Bamenda Health District, NWR, Cameroon.

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a bloodborne virus which can be transmitted via percutaneous and mucocutaneous exposure to infected body fluid. Healthcare workers (HCWs) who are continuously exposed to different body fluids are at an increased risk of contracting and transmitting this virus. It is thus important to evaluate the knowledge and attitude of HCWs towards HBV and the prevalence of HBV infection among them.

Molecular identification of diminazene aceturate resistant trypanosomes in tsetse flies from Yoko in the Centre region of Cameroon and its epidemiological implications.

African animal trypanosomiases are caused by trypanosomes cyclically or mechanically transmitted by tsetse and other biting flies. Although molecular tools have been developed to identify drug-resistant trypanosomes in mammals, little or no investigation on drug-resistance has been undertaken on trypanosomes harbored by tsetse flies. Moreover, no data on mechanical vectors of African trypanosomes is available in most endemic areas of Cameroon.

A Cross Sectional Study of the Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus on Rheumatoid Factor Production.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate how human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) affect the production of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-rheumatoid factor (RF).

Patients And Methods: The study included 405 voluntary participants (139 males, 266 females; mean age 39.4±17.

Cytotoxic Effect of Spondias cytherea Fruit Extract in Murine Melanoma Model In Vivo and In Vitro.

Cancer is a disease resulting from the deregulation of cell growth control, caused by an interaction between dietary, genetic, and environmental risk factors. Melanoma accounts for about 4% of cancers diagnosed; however they represent 75% of skin cancer-related deaths, with the incidence and death rates having increased globally over the past few decades. Spondias cytherea is a plant from the family Anacardiaceae.

Screening of the immunomodulatory and antibacterial activity of Termitomyces letestui (Pat.) Heim (Lyophyllaceae), an edible mushroom from Cameroon.

Background Globally, Termitomyces letestui is used by different communities to treat various illnesses, including bacterial infection, although with limited scientific evidence. The current study aims to assess the immunomodulatory and antibacterial properties of the water extract of a wild mushroom, T. letestui in mice model.

Immunological In Vivo and In Vitro Investigations of Aqueous Extract of Stem Bark of Pterocarpus erinaceus Poir (Fabaceae).

Background: Macrophages are the first cells to recognize invading foreign bodies and are central to cell mediated and humoral immunity. Therefore, the activation of macrophages is a key event for effective innate and adaptive immunity. Pterocarpus erinaceus has been reported to control infectious diseases, but the mechanism remains to be elucidated.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii IgG and IgM antibodies and associated risk factors in women of child-bearing age in Njinikom, NW Cameroon.

Background: Toxoplasmosis is a widely distributed zoonotic disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. T. Infections can result in stillbirths, abortions or congenital defects during pregnancy, as well as toxoplasmic encephalitis in HIV/AIDS patients.

Anti-Staphylococcus aureus activity of methanol extracts of 12 plants used in Cameroonian folk medicine.

Background: The emergence of bacterial infections including those associated with Staphylococcus aureus causes a benefit of interest to medicinal plants as an effective means of control. The present study was designed to investigate the activities of 12 selected Cameroonian medicinal plants against S. aureus isolates.

Immunomodulatory activity of methanol leaf extracts of Cameroonian medicinal plants.

Background: Medicinal plants have been used for centuries and have become part of complementary medicine worldwide because of their health benefits. Some have been successfully used directly in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases or indirectly by stimulating the immune system. In the present study, the immunomodulatory activity of the methanol extracts of Adenocarpus mannii, Caucalis melanantha, Ocimum gratissimum, Asystasia intrusa and Clematis chinensis leaves was investigated.