Intralabial Lip Compartments and Their Potential Clinical Relevance.

Background: Aesthetic soft-tissue filler injections for lip enhancement are popular and performed throughout the world. When injecting lips with a cannula, as the cannula is advanced, resistance is perceived in consistent locations, potentially indicating boundaries between intralabial compartments.

Objective: We aimed to investigate whether intralabial compartments exist and, if so, to describe their volumes, location, boundaries, and dimensions.

Venous Tributaries of the Lip: Implications for Lip Filler Injection.

Background: Demand for lip filler injection continues to increase. Despite the current literature's acknowledgement of the role both venous and arterial vasculature play in minor and major side effects, research addressing the venous vasculature of the lower one-third of the face is scarce.

Methods: A photographic analysis of the venous vasculature of 26 participants was performed using a vein transilluminator to display the venous flow around the perioral region.

Deep Plane Anatomy for the Facelift Surgeon: A Comprehensive Three-Dimensional Journey.

Strong command of facial anatomy is paramount for all facelift surgeons. A comprehensive understanding of how aging impacts facial anatomy is equally important for effective preoperative evaluation of the patient undergoing facelift surgery. Key areas for assessment of the patient undergoing facelift surgery are addressed.

Mapping a Danger Zone of the Dorsal Nerve of the Clitoris: Implications in Female Cosmetic Genital Surgery.

Background: The literature regarding the route of the dorsal nerve of the clitoris is sparse and lacks surgical focus. With an increasing number of procedures being performed on the labia, it is important to elucidate the route and note any variation from normal of the nerve.

Methods: Fifty-one cadavers were dissected to yield 97 dorsal nerve of the clitoris samples.

A New Target for Temple Volumization? An Anatomical and Ultrasound-Guided Study of the Intermediate Temporal Fat Pad.

Background: Current techniques for temple volumization primarily focus on deep or superficial targets. Further anatomical exploration of intermediate injection targets is warranted.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the anatomy of the intermediate temporal fat pad (ITFP) as it relates to filler injection procedures and to explore the utilization of ultrasound technology for clinical localization.

Key Anatomical Clarifications for the Marginal Mandibular Branch of the Facial Nerve: Clinical Significance for the Plastic Surgeon.

Background: The marginal mandibular branch (MMBr) of the facial nerve is the least likely to recover from injury due to infrequent anastomosis with other branches. The MMBr has been described as coursing superior to the inferior border of the mandible. However, studies have reported variations in its location in embalmed and fresh specimens.

Depth Transitions of the Frontal Branch of the Facial Nerve: Implications in SMAS rhytidectomy.

Background: Anatomy of the frontal branch of the facial nerve relative to the zygomatic arch and the superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) has been well described. The variability centers on the location where the frontal branch traverses from a deeper to more superficial plane in the SMAS. The goal of this study is to examine the depth transition of the frontal branch of the facial nerve relative to the zygomatic arch with hopes of pinpointing a caution zone for dissection to avoid nerve injury.

Anterior Approach to the Neck: Long-Term Follow-Up.

Background: The anterior or submental necklift has been well described. Long-term results have been demonstrated in patients with minimal, mild, and moderate skin excess. It relies on the skin's unique ability to contract once separated from its attachments and further enhances the surgical result with treatment of the intermediate layer- subplatysmal fat, anterior digastric, submandibular gland, and platysma.

Neurotized Free Platysma Flap for Functional Eyelid Reconstruction: A Cadaveric Study of Anatomical Feasibility.

Background: Conventional reconstructive options for large full-thickness eyelid defects are limited to static local flaps without replacing the missing orbicularis. The authors' aim is to delineate the platysma neurovascular anatomy for innervated functional eyelid reconstruction.

Methods: Fourteen fresh latex-injected heminecks were dissected.

Facelift Surgery Following Superficial Parotidectomy: Is it Safe?

Introduction: Patients who have previously undergone superficial parotidectomy may also seek facelift surgery for facial aging and rejuvenation. These patients present unique challenges compared to a standard facelift patient. Most concerning is the location of facial nerve branches, which may be superficial and displaced.

External Approach to Buccal Fat Excision in Facelift: Anatomy and Technique.

Background: Masculinization of the face is a common finding in facelift patients. It is attributed to deflation and decent of the midface-jowls coupled with skin laxity. Fullness is evident lateral to the jowl in a small percentage due to prominent buccal fat pad (BFP).

Facial Anatomy for Filler Injection: The Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System (SMAS) Is Not Just for Facelifting.

Facial volumization with filler and/or fat has become an integral part of global facial rejuvenation and provides a finishing touch to harmonize the face after surgical repositioning of soft tissue. However, facial injection is not devoid of complications that can lead to suboptimal outcomes. This article journeys through the facial anatomy for the injector emphasizing the superficial musculoaponeurotic system as a centralized depth gauge facilitating navigation into deep and superficial injection targets.

Retrobulbar Injection for Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler-Induced Blindness: A Review of Efficacy and Technique.

While blindness after hyaluronic acid gel filler injection occurs only very rarely, it represents a devastating complication for the patient and the surgeon. Retrobulbar injection with hyaluronidase is the only known potential means of reversing this adverse event. However, positive outcomes remain anecdotal.

Location of the Internal Mammary Vessels for Microvascular Autologous Breast Reconstruction: The "1-2-3 Rule".

Background: Postmastectomy breast reconstruction provides psychosocial benefits in self-esteem, sexuality, and quality of life. Autologous procedures yield the highest overall patient satisfaction compared with implant-based breast reconstruction as the gold standard. The internal mammary vessels are the preferred recipient vessels for free flap breast reconstruction.

What Is the Lobular Branch of the Great Auricular Nerve? Anatomical Description and Significance in Rhytidectomy.

Background: Current literature suggests that preserving the lobular branch of the great auricular nerve has greater impact on sensory function of the auricle than preservation of the posterior branch during rhytidectomy. However, no methodology exists to efficiently and accurately determine the topographic location of the lobular branch. This study describes the branching characteristics of the lobular branch and algorithmic surface markings to assist surgeons in preservation of the great auricular nerve during rhytidectomy flap elevation.

"No-Touch" Technique for Lip Enhancement.

Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the anatomical principles of lip structure as they relate to individualized lip enhancement procedures and to describe a technique that does not violate lip mucosa during injection.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing lip enhancement procedures between 2001 and 2014 was performed. Preprocedural and postprocedural photographs were analyzed for lip subunit changes.

Deep Pyriform Space: Anatomical Clarifications and Clinical Implications.

Background: The purpose of this study was to define the anatomical boundaries, transformation in the aging face, and clinical implications of the Ristow space. The authors propose a title of deep pyriform space for anatomical continuity.

Methods: The deep pyriform space was dissected in 12 hemifacial fresh cadaver dissections.

Pertinent anatomy and analysis for midface volumizing procedures.

Background: The study was conducted to construct an anatomically inspired midfacial analysis facilitating safe, accurate, and dynamic nonsurgical rejuvenation. Emphasis is placed on determining injection target areas and adverse event zones.

Methods: Twelve hemifacial fresh cadavers were dissected in a layered fashion.