Association of Acute Histological Chorioamnionitis and Other Placental Lesions With Subsequent Pregnancy Outcomes After Spontaneous Preterm Birth.

Objectives: Acute histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is detected in over 50% of spontaneous preterm birth (PTB) and is associated with worse neonatal prognosis. We aim to investigate whether the presence of HCA impacts subsequent pregnancy outcomes.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study included deliveries at a tertiary centre from 2014 to 2020.

Nephrogenic Adenoma: A Pitfall on Frozen Section of Urethral Strictures.

Urethral strictures are a common cause of urinary obstruction which can be treated with surgical resection. Frozen sections are rare and pose a diagnostic challenge to pathologists due to the presence of benign lesions such as nephrogenic adenoma. We retrospectively examined all specimens of urethral stricture resections submitted to pathology at our institution from 2012 to 2022 (n = 258).

MTAP protein status is highly concordant with CDKN2A fluorescent in situ hybridization and allows stratification of the luminal subtype in muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Aims: Loss of heterozygosity in chromosome 9p21, common in urothelial carcinoma (UC), typically involves deletion of CDKN2A and MTAP genes. MTAP loss is emerging as a promising therapeutic target and predictive biomarker in UC. This single-centrre retrospective study examined the incidence of CDKN2A deletions and MTAP loss in muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (mUC), investigating their correlations with clinical, pathological, and genomic features, as well as patient outcomes.

Aggressive prostatic adenocarcinoma with urothelial-like morphology, with frequent CK7/CK20/HMWK expression and occasional diffuse neuroendocrine features: A clinicopathologic study of 12 cases.

Introduction: Prostatic adenocarcinoma can occasionally display urothelial carcinoma morphology, which prompts immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies to determine its lineage. Typically, prostate cancer is characterized by the lack of cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK20 and high molecular weight keratin (HMWK) expression, as opposed to bladder cancer.

Methods: We report a series of 12 prostatic adenocarcinoma cases with unusual urothelial-like morphology, diagnosed at two academic institutions in Toronto between 2018 and 2023, and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for prostatic, urothelial, and neuroendocrine marker expression.

A Rare Disease Presentation of Malignant Fungating Acral Melanoma of the Hand.

Malignant melanoma is relatively uncommon and accounts for 1%-3% of all malignant tumors. Malignant melanoma of the hand is exceptionally rare and highly malignant, with rapid progression if left untreated. Early clinical symptoms can be overlooked, and the tumor is often at a late stage when patients seek care, prompting amputation of the affected region.

Efficacy of high dose tranexamic acid (TXA) for hemorrhage: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Standard dose (≤ 1 g) tranexamic acid (TXA) has established mortality benefit in trauma patients. The role of high dose IV TXA (≥2 g or ≥30 mg/kg as a single bolus) has been evaluated in the surgical setting, however, it has not been studied in trauma. We reviewed the available evidence of high dose IV TXA in any setting with the goal of informing its use in the adult trauma population.

Successful expanded clinic network collaboration and patient tracing for retention in HIV care.

Background: There are more than 7,800 people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Victoria, Australia. Crucial in maximising the individual and population level benefits from antiretroviral therapy (ART) is understanding how to achieve patient retention in care and the factors that drive it. This study was an expansion of a 2015 assessment of HIV-care retention in Victoria, which sought out to determine whether the inclusion of a broader range of HIV-healthcare sites would yield more accurate estimates of retention in HIV-care.

Development of a Clinically Applicable NanoString-Based Gene Expression Classifier for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Molecular Stratification.

Transcriptional profiling of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) technology has demonstrated the existence of intrinsic basal and luminal molecular subtypes that vary in their prognosis and response to therapy. However, routine use of RNA-seq in a clinical setting is restricted by cost and technical difficulties. Herein, we provide a single-sample NanoString-based seven-gene (KRT5, KRT6C, SERPINB13, UPK1A, UPK2, UPK3A and KRT20) MIBC molecular classifier that assigns a luminal and basal molecular subtype.

Hot Seat Diagnosis.

Context.—: Competency-based medical education relies on frequent formative in-service assessments to ascertain trainee progression. Currently at our institution, trainees receive a summative end-of-rotation In-Training Evaluation Report based on feedback collected from staff pathologists.

Differing biophysical properties underpin the unique signaling potentials within the plant phytochrome photoreceptor families.

Many aspects of photoperception by plants and microorganisms are initiated by the phytochrome (Phy) family of photoreceptors that detect light through interconversion between red light- (Pr) and far-red light-absorbing (Pfr) states. Plants synthesize a small family of Phy isoforms (PhyA to PhyE) that collectively regulate photomorphogenesis and temperature perception through redundant and unique actions. While the selective roles of these isoforms have been partially attributed to their differing abundances, expression patterns, affinities for downstream partners, and turnover rates, we show here from analysis of recombinant chromoproteins that the Phy isoforms also display distinct biophysical properties.

Mir-139 Regulates Autophagy in Prostate Cancer Cells Through Beclin-1 and mTOR Signaling Proteins.

Background/aim: We previously identified a panel of five miRNAs (including miR-139) associated with biochemical recurrence and metastasis in prostate cancer patients.

Materials And Methods: We examined miR-139 transfected PC3, DU145 and LNCaP cells by morphology as well as by cell-based assays, confocal microscopy and immunoblotting.

Results: We found that treatment of prostate cancer cells with miR-139 resulted in phenotypic changes characteristic of autophagic cells.

MicroRNA-139 is a predictor of prostate cancer recurrence and inhibits growth and migration of prostate cancer cells through cell cycle arrest and targeting IGF1R and AXL.

Background: We previously identified a panel of five microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with biochemical recurrence and metastasis following prostatectomy from prostate cancer patients using next-generation sequencing-based whole miRNome sequencing and quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based validation analysis. In this study, we examined the mechanism of action of miR-139-5p, one of the downregulated miRNAs identified in the panel.

Methods: Using a cohort of 585 patients treated with radical prostatectomy, we examined the prognostic significance of miR-139 (dichotomized around the median) using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models.

Defining early vs late fetal growth restriction by placental pathology.

Introduction: Although early and late fetal growth restriction have been suggested to be distinct entities, the optimal gestational age cut-off that differentiates the two conditions is currently unclear and has been arbitrarily set in previous studies between 32 and 37 weeks. We aimed to use placental pathology findings to determine that optimal gestational age cut-off between early and late fetal growth restriction.

Material And Methods: A retrospective cohort study of all women with singleton gestation who gave birth to a neonate diagnosed as small-for-gestational age (small-for-gestational age, defined as birthweight <10th percentile for gestational age) at a tertiary referral center between January 2001 and December 2015, and for whom placental pathology was available.

The role of placental malperfusion in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia in dichorionic twin and singleton pregnancies.

Introduction: In singletons, the pathogenesis of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) is attributed to abnormal placentation, characterized by maternal vascular malperfusion (MVM) lesions. Whether MVM plays a similar role in twin pregnancies is unclear. The purpose of the study was to compared placental pathology findings between dichorionic-twin and singleton pregnancies complicated by HDP.

MicroRNA-652 induces NED in LNCaP and EMT in PC3 prostate cancer cells.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Dysregulation of miRNAs is frequently associated with disease and, in particular, is involved in prostate cancer progression. Next generation miRNA sequencing identified a panel of five miRNAs associated with prostate cancer recurrence and metastasis.

Next-generation prostate cancer risk calculator for primary care physicians.

Introduction: Current prostate cancer risk calculators are limited in impact because only a probability of having prostate cancer is provided. We developed the next generation of prostate cancer risk calculator that incorporates life expectancy in order to better evaluate prostate cancer risk in context to a patient's age and comorbidity.

Methods: We combined two cohorts to develop the new risk calculator.

Placental abnormalities differ between small for gestational age fetuses in dichorionic twin and singleton pregnancies.

Objective: Twin fetuses grow slower during the third trimester compared with singletons. However, the extent to which the relative smallness of twins is the result of placenta-mediated factors similar to those associated with fetal growth restriction in singletons remains unclear. Our aim was to address this question by comparing placental findings between small for gestational age (SGA) twins and SGA singletons.

Nonpresenting Dichorionic Twins and Placental Vascular Malperfusion.

Objective: To explore the hypothesis that selective placental pathology affecting the nonpresenting twin is a significant contributory factor mediating the smaller size at birth of nonpresenting dichorionic twins.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all dichorionic twin deliveries in a single tertiary center between 2002 and 2015 where by departmental policy, all placentas from multifetal gestations are routinely sent for pathologic examination. Maternal charts, neonatal charts, and pathology reports were reviewed.

Concordance of chlamydia infections of the rectum and urethra in same-sex male partnerships: a cross-sectional analysis.

Background: Our study aimed to describe the concordance of chlamydia infections of the rectum and urethra in men who have sex with men (MSM) and their male partners.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of chlamydia in MSM and their male sexual partners both attending Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (MSHC), Australia, between February 2011 and March 2015. We excluded partnerships where testing for chlamydia at both the rectum and urethra were not undertaken.

MiR-301a regulates E-cadherin expression and is predictive of prostate cancer recurrence.

Background: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Dysregulation of miRNA has been implicated in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Through next generation miRNA sequencing, we recently identified a panel of five miRNAs associated with prostate cancer recurrence and metastasis.

A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Prostate Cancer Screening in the General Population.

Purpose: To our knowledge the role of magnetic resonance imaging as a first line screening test for prostate cancer is unknown. We performed a pilot study to evaluate the feasibility of prostate magnetic resonance imaging as the primary screening test for prostate cancer.

Materials And Methods: We recruited unselected men from the general population.

Identification and Validation of a Five MicroRNA Signature Predictive of Prostate Cancer Recurrence and Metastasis: A Cohort Study.

Background: MicroRNA (miRNA) have been shown to be important in regulating gene expression in prostate cancer. We used next generation miRNA sequencing to conduct a whole miRNome analysis to identify miRNAs associated with prostate cancer metastasis.

Methods: We conducted discovery and validation analyses of miRNAs among a total of 546 men who underwent surgery for prostate cancer using the development of metastasis as an endpoint.

The clinical significance of persistent cancer cells on prostate biopsy after high-dose-rate brachytherapy boost for intermediate-risk prostate cancer.

Purpose: To evaluate the association between post-treatment biopsy results and the probability of biochemical disease-free survival (bDFS).

Methods And Materials: Two sequential prospective clinical trials were undertaken in men with intermediate-risk prostate cancer (T1-T2 with either Gleason score 7 and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] level lower than 20 ng/mL or Gleason score 6 and PSA level of 10-20 ng/mL). All patients had high-dose-rate brachytherapy (two fractions of 10Gy separated by 1 week or a single 15-Gy fraction) followed by external beam radiotherapy.