Lymph sampling and lymphangiography via EUS-guided transesophageal thoracic duct puncture in a swine model.

Background: The thoracic duct plays an important role in fluid balance, lipid absorption, and transport of immunologically active cells. The thoracic duct is difficult to access but is readily identified by EUS. The present study assessed the feasibility of EUS identification and EUS-guided puncture of the thoracic duct in a swine model.

Anatomy of the crocodilian spinal vein.

The crocodilian spinal vein is remarkably robust yet historically overlooked. Using corrosion casting, we describe the anatomy of this vessel and its connections with the caval and hepatic venous systems in representatives from four crocodilian genera. The spinal vein arises from an enlarged occipital sinus over the medulla and extends the entire length of the vertebral column.