Targeted quantitative profiling of metabolites and gene transcripts associated with 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) in apple fruit stored under multiple abiotic stresses.

4-Aminobutyrate accumulates in plants under abiotic stress. Here, targeted quantitative profiling of metabolites and transcripts was conducted to monitor glutamate- and polyamine-derived 4-aminobutyrate production and its subsequent catabolism to succinate or 4-hydroxybutyrate in apple ( x Borkh.) fruit stored at 0 °C with 2.

Corrigendum: Arabidopsis aldehyde dehydrogenase 10 family members confer salt tolerance through putrescine-derived 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) production.

This corrects the article DOI: 10.1038/srep35115.

Ancient Plant Glyoxylate/Succinic Semialdehyde Reductases: GLYR1s Are Cytosolic, Whereas GLYR2s Are Localized to Both Mitochondria and Plastids.

Plant NADPH-dependent glyoxylate/succinic semialdehyde reductases 1 and 2 (GLYR1 and GLYR2) are considered to be involved in detoxifying harmful aldehydes, thereby preserving plant health during exposure to various abiotic stresses. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the two GLYR isoforms appeared in the plant lineage prior to the divergence of the Chlorophyta and Streptophyta, which occurred approximately 750 million years ago. Green fluorescent protein fusions of apple ( x Borkh.

Arabidopsis aldehyde dehydrogenase 10 family members confer salt tolerance through putrescine-derived 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) production.

Polyamines represent a potential source of 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) in plants exposed to abiotic stress. Terminal catabolism of putrescine in Arabidopsis thaliana involves amine oxidase and the production of 4-aminobutanal, which is a substrate for NAD-dependent aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH). Here, two AMADH homologs were chosen (AtALDH10A8 and AtALDH10A9) as candidates for encoding 4-aminobutanal dehydrogenase activity for GABA synthesis.

NAD(+)-aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase candidates for 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) and β-alanine production during terminal oxidation of polyamines in apple fruit.

The last step of polyamine catabolism involves the oxidation of 3-aminopropanal or 4-aminobutanal via aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase. In this study, two apple (Malus x domestica) AMADH genes were selected (MdAMADH1 and MdAMADH2) as candidates for encoding 4-aminobutanal dehydrogenase activity. Maximal activity and catalytic efficiency were obtained with NAD(+) and 3-aminopropanal, followed by 4-aminobutanal, at pH 9.

Apple fruit copper amine oxidase isoforms: peroxisomal MdAO1 prefers diamines as substrates, whereas extracellular MdAO2 exclusively utilizes monoamines.

4-Aminobutyrate (GABA) accumulates in apple fruit during controlled atmosphere storage. A potential source of GABA is the polyamine putrescine, which can be oxidized via copper-containing amine oxidase (CuAO), resulting in the production 4-aminobutanal/Δ(1)-pyrroline, with the consumption of O2 and release of H2O2 and ammonia. Five putative CuAO genes (MdAO genes) were cloned from apple (Malus domestica Borkh.

Calmodulin-dependent and calmodulin-independent glutamate decarboxylases in apple fruit.

Background: The ubiquitous, non-proteinaceous amino acid GABA (γ-aminobutyrate) accumulates in plants subjected to abiotic stresses such as chilling, O2 deficiency and elevated CO2. Recent evidence indicates that controlled atmosphere storage causes the accumulation of GABA in apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.) fruit, and now there is increasing interest in the biochemical mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon.

A fungal endophyte induces transcription of genes encoding a redundant fungicide pathway in its host plant.

Background: Taxol is an anti-cancer drug harvested from Taxus trees, proposed ecologically to act as a fungicide. Taxus is host to fungal endophytes, defined as organisms that inhabit plants without causing disease. The Taxus endophytes have been shown to synthesize Taxol in vitro, providing Taxus with a second potential biosynthetic route for this protective metabolite.

Induction of a ricinosomal-protease and programmed cell death in tomato endosperm by gibberellic acid.

Several examples of programmed cell death (PCD) in plants utilize ricinosomes, organelles that appear prior to cell death and store inactive KDEL-tailed cysteine proteinases. Upon cell death, the contents of ricinosomes are released into the cell corpse where the proteinases are activated and proceed to degrade any remaining protein for use in adjacent cells or, in the case of nutritive seed tissues, by the growing seedling. Ricinosomes containing pro-SlCysEP have been observed in anther tissues prior to PCD and ricinosome-like structures have been observed in imbibed seeds within endosperm cells of tomato.

Hypothesis/review: contribution of putrescine to 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) production in response to abiotic stress.

4-Aminobutyrate (GABA) accumulates in various plant parts, including bulky fruits such as apples, in response to abiotic stress. It is generally believed that the GABA is derived from glutamate, although a contribution from polyamines is possible. Putrescine, but not spermidine and spermine, generally accumulates in response to the genetic manipulation of polyamine biosynthetic enzymes and abiotic stress.

Ricinosomes predict programmed cell death leading to anther dehiscence in tomato.

Successful development and dehiscence of the anther and release of pollen are dependent upon the programmed cell death (PCD) of the tapetum and other sporophytic tissues. Ultrastructural examination of the developing and dehiscing anther of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) revealed that cells of the interlocular septum, the connective tissue, the middle layer/endothecium, and the epidermal cells surrounding the stomium all exhibit features consistent with progression through PCD. Ricinosomes, a subset of precursor protease vesicles that are unique to some incidents of plant PCD, were also present in all of these cell types.