Three-Dimensionally Printed Simulated Tracheas to Improve Cricothyrotomy Skills Among Anesthesia Providers.

Cricothyrotomy proficiency is imperative for anesthesia providers; however, opportunities to perform this skill are infrequent making skill maintenance essential. Increased accessibility of three-dimensional (3D) printing allows for production of low-cost simulation models. The models used for simulation-based teaching and deliberate practice facilitate skill development and refinement.

Regional impacts of COVID-19 on carbon dioxide detected worldwide from space.

Activity reductions in early 2020 due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic led to unprecedented decreases in carbon dioxide (CO) emissions. Despite their record size, the resulting atmospheric signals are smaller than and obscured by climate variability in atmospheric transport and biospheric fluxes, notably that related to the 2019–2020 Indian Ocean Dipole. Monitoring CO anomalies and distinguishing human and climatic causes thus remain a new frontier in Earth system science.

Publisher Correction: Large Chinese land carbon sink estimated from atmospheric carbon dioxide data.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Local Anomalies in the Column-Averaged Dry Air Mole Fractions of Carbon Dioxide Across the Globe During the First Months of the Coronavirus Recession.

We use a global transport model and satellite retrievals of the carbon dioxide (CO) column average to explore the impact of CO emissions reductions that occurred during the economic downturn at the start of the Covid-19 pandemic. The changes in the column averages are substantial in a few places of the model global grid, but the induced gradients are most often less than the random errors of the retrievals. The current necessity to restrict the quality-assured column retrievals to almost cloud-free areas appears to be a major obstacle in identifying changes in CO emissions.

Large Chinese land carbon sink estimated from atmospheric carbon dioxide data.

Limiting the rise in global mean temperatures relies on reducing carbon dioxide (CO) emissions and on the removal of CO by land carbon sinks. China is currently the single largest emitter of CO, responsible for approximately 27 per cent (2.67 petagrams of carbon per year) of global fossil fuel emissions in 2017.

Response to Comment on "Contrasting carbon cycle responses of the tropical continents to the 2015-2016 El Niño".

Chevallier showed a column CO ([Formula: see text]) anomaly of ±0.5 parts per million forced by a uniform net biosphere exchange (NBE) anomaly of 2.5 gigatonnes of carbon over the tropical continents within a year, so he claimed that the inferred NBE uncertainties should be larger than presented in Liu We show that a much concentrated NBE anomaly led to much larger [Formula: see text] perturbations.

The Multi-Sensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path (MAC-LWP).

The Multi-Sensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path (MAC-LWP), an updated and enhanced version of the University of Wisconsin (UWisc) cloud liquid water path (CLWP) climatology, currently provides 29 years (1988 - 2016) of monthly gridded (1°) oceanic CLWP information constructed using Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) inter-calibrated 0.25°-resolution retrievals. Satellite sources include SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, SSMIS, AMSR-2 and GMI.

Spaceborne detection of localized carbon dioxide sources.

Spaceborne measurements by NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) at the kilometer scale reveal distinct structures of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) caused by known anthropogenic and natural point sources. OCO-2 transects across the Los Angeles megacity (USA) show that anthropogenic CO enhancements peak over the urban core and decrease through suburban areas to rural background values more than ~100 kilometers away, varying seasonally from ~4.4 to 6.

Contrasting carbon cycle responses of the tropical continents to the 2015-2016 El Niño.

The 2015-2016 El Niño led to historically high temperatures and low precipitation over the tropics, while the growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) was the largest on record. Here we quantify the response of tropical net biosphere exchange, gross primary production, biomass burning, and respiration to these climate anomalies by assimilating column CO, solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, and carbon monoxide observations from multiple satellites. Relative to the 2011 La Niña, the pantropical biosphere released 2.

Evaluation of Cloud Liquid Water Path Trends Using a Multi-Decadal Record of Passive Microwave Observations.

In this study, observed cloud liquid water path (LWP) trends from the Multisensor Advanced Climatology of Liquid Water Path (MAC-LWP) dataset (1988 - 2014) are compared to trends computed from the temporally-coincident records of 16 global climate models (GCMs) participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 (CMIP5). For many regions, observed trend magnitudes are several times larger than the corresponding model mean trend magnitudes. Muted model mean trends are thought to be the result of cancellation effects arising from differing interannual variability characteristics and differences in model physics/dynamics.

Evidence for climate change in the satellite cloud record.

Clouds substantially affect Earth's energy budget by reflecting solar radiation back to space and by restricting emission of thermal radiation to space. They are perhaps the largest uncertainty in our understanding of climate change, owing to disagreement among climate models and observational datasets over what cloud changes have occurred during recent decades and will occur in response to global warming. This is because observational systems originally designed for monitoring weather have lacked sufficient stability to detect cloud changes reliably over decades unless they have been corrected to remove artefacts.

Effects of gabapentin on muscle spasticity and both induced as well as spontaneous autonomic dysreflexia after complete spinal cord injury.

We recently reported that the neuropathic pain medication, gabapentin (GBP; Neurontin), significantly attenuated both noxious colorectal distension (CRD)-induced autonomic dysreflexia (AD) and tail pinch-induced spasticity compared to saline-treated cohorts 2-3 weeks after complete high thoracic (T4) spinal cord injury (SCI). Here we employed long-term blood pressure telemetry to test, firstly, the efficacy of daily versus acute GBP treatment in modulating AD and tail spasticity in response to noxious stimuli at 2 and 3 weeks post-injury. Secondly, we determined whether daily GBP alters baseline cardiovascular parameters, as well as spontaneous AD events detected using a novel algorithm based on blood pressure telemetry data.

Horizontal ladder task-specific re-training in adult rats with contusive thoracic spinal cord injury.

Purpose: Using the horizontal ladder task, we examined some issues that need to be resolved before task-specific rehabilitative training can be employed clinically for the frequent contusive spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that improving recovery in task performance after contusive thoracic SCI requires frequent re-training and initiating the re-training early during spontaneous recovery.

Methods: Contusive SCI was produced at the adult female Sprague Dawley rat T10 vertebra.

The DNA sequence of the human X chromosome.

The human X chromosome has a unique biology that was shaped by its evolution as the sex chromosome shared by males and females. We have determined 99.3% of the euchromatic sequence of the X chromosome.