Toll-like receptor 3 upregulation by type I interferon in healthy and scleroderma dermal fibroblasts.

Introduction: Increased levels of genes in the type I interferon (IFN) pathway have been observed in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), or scleroderma. How type I IFN regulates the dermal fibroblast and its participation in the development of dermal fibrosis is not known. We hypothesized that one mechanism by which type I IFN may contribute to dermal fibrosis is through upregulation of specific Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on dermal fibroblasts.

Composite forearm free fillet flaps to preserve stump length following traumatic amputations of the upper extremity.

Background: Replantation of traumatic upper arm amputations are usually contraindicated due to patient age, comorbid diseases, ischemia time, and/or avulsion of proximal structures. Stable soft tissue coverage preserving proximal stump length and critical joints is required to prevent loss of limb function and aid in prosthetic fitting and comfort. The use of free fillet flaps from the amputated limb is well documented for lower-extremity amputations but has only recently been reported for upper-arm amputations involving distal humeral or elbow wounds or following radical upper-arm tumor resections.

Gigantomastia complicating mirror syndrome in pregnancy.

Background: Gigantomastia is a rare and dangerous condition in pregnancy. Although improvement after delivery is likely, postpartum aggravation is possible. To date, various pharmacological approaches have been tried, with only marginal effectiveness.