Epicardial versus endocardial permanent pacing in adults with congenital heart disease.

Background: Permanent pacing (PM) in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) presents unique challenges-with little known about the long-term outcomes.

Methods: Pacemaker complications and reinterventions were reviewed over a 38-year period and were grouped by epicardial or endocardial approaches.

Results: The average age at intervention was 37 ± 19 years for 106 patients and 259 PM procedures were performed (2.