Melatonin: Evolving Physiological Understanding and Potential Therapeutic Role in Pain Medicine Including Intervertebral Disc Degeneration.

Background: Melatonin, one of the most versatile hormones in the body, is well appreciated in managing circadian rhythm and for antioxidant properties. Produced in the pineal gland and within mitochondria, melatonin influences many physiologic processes through receptor mediated and direct effects.

Objective: The present investigation explores the evolving pharmacologic properties of melatonin, as well as current therapeutic uses in areas where mitigating oxidative stress, inflammation, and cellular senescence.