Flexible Behavioral Adjustment to Frustrative Nonreward in Anticipatory Behavior, but Not in Consummatory Behavior, Requires the Dorsal Hippocampus.

The hippocampus (HC) is recognized for its pivotal role in memory-related plasticity and facilitating adaptive behavioral responses to reward shifts. However, the nature of its involvement in the response to reward downshifts remains to be determined. To bridge this knowledge gap, we explored the HC's function through a series of experiments in various tasks involving reward downshifts and using several neural manipulations in rats.

Open field activity is linked to, but is not affected by, the rate of recovery from reward downshift in female Wistar rats.

Frustration is an aversive emotion triggered by unexpected reward downshifts. Using the consummatory successive negative contrast (cSNC) task, a 32-to-2% sucrose downshift was shown to initially suppress consummatory behavior. Such suppression was followed by behavioral recovery over subsequent sessions.

Frustrative nonreward and the basal ganglia: Chemogenetic inhibition and excitation of the nucleus accumbens and globus pallidus externus during reward downshift.

Frustrative nonreward contributes to anxiety disorders and addiction, and is included in the Research Domain Criteria initiative as a relevant endophenotype. These experiments explored the role of the basal ganglia in consummatory reward downshift (cRD) using inhibitory and excitatory DREADDs (designer receptors exclusively activated by designer drugs) infused in either the nucleus accumbens (NAc) or one of its downstream targets, the globus pallidus externus (GPe). NAc inhibition did not disrupt consummatory suppression during a 32-to-2% (Experiment 1) or 8-to-2% sucrose downshift (Experiment 2).

Behavioral and neural correlates of licking for 66% alcohol in Wistar rats: Caloric balance or sensation/novelty seeking?

Whereas rodents generally reject high alcohol concentrations, access to 66% alcohol can reinforce operant licking in a progressive ratio situation. Three experiments were conducted to identify a potential mechanism underlying this effect. In Experiment 1, food-restricted male and female Wistar rats received access to either 66% alcohol or water in their home cage for one hour over four sessions.

Incentive disengagement and the adaptive significance of frustrative nonreward.

Mammals respond to an unexpected reward omission or reduction with a variety of behavioral and physiological responses consistent with an aversive emotion traditionally called frustrative nonreward. This review focuses on two aspects of frustrative nonreward, namely (1) the evidence for an aversive emotional state activated by the surprising omission or reduction of a rewarding outcome, and (2) the adaptive value of frustration. Frustrative nonreward has been mainly studied in terms of its mechanisms, across development in rats and across vertebrate species in comparative research.

Protocol for a multicenter, randomised controlled trial of surgeon-directed home therapy vs. outpatient rehabilitation by physical therapists for reverse total shoulder arthroplasty: the SHORT trial.

Background: Reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) has emerged as a successful surgery with expanding indications. Outcomes may be influenced by post-operative rehabilitation; however, there is a dearth of research regarding optimal rehabilitation strategy following RTSA. The primary purpose of this study is to compare patient reported and clinical outcomes after RTSA in two groups: in one group rehabilitation is directed by formal, outpatient clinic-based physical therapists (PT group) as compared to a home therapy group, in which patients are instructed in their rehabilitative exercises by surgeons at post-operative appointments (HT group).

Pathway to Complete Energy Sector Decarbonization with Available Iridium Resources using Ultralow Loaded Water Electrolyzers.

We present ultralow Ir-loaded (ULL) proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEMWE) cells that can produce enough hydrogen to largely decarbonize the global natural gas, transportation, and electrical storage sectors by 2050, using only half of the annual global Ir production for PEMWE deployment. This represents a significant improvement in PEMWE's global potential, enabled by careful control of the anode catalyst layer (CL), including its mesostructure and catalyst dispersion. Using commercially relevant membranes (Nafion 117), cell materials, electrocatalysts, and fabrication techniques, we achieve at peak a 250× improvement in Ir mass activity over commercial PEMWEs.

Laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for the treatment of giant kidney worm infection in 2 dogs.

One male and one female dog were presented with giant kidney worm infection in the right kidney. Infection was identified through visualization of intra-renal on abdominal ultrasound. Both dogs underwent right-sided laparoscopic ureteronephrectomy for treatment of the giant kidney worm infection.

Effects of stylet-in versus stylet-out collection of cerebrospinal fluid from the cisterna magna on contamination of samples, sample quality, and collection time.

Objective: To evaluate safety of stylet-in and stylet-out techniques for collection of CSF from the cisterna magna and to assess whether there were differences between techniques with regard to contamination of samples, sample quality, and efficiency of collection.

Animals: 10 adult purpose-bred research Beagles.

Procedures: A prospective crossover study was conducted.

Gallbladder leiomyoma treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a dog.

Case Description: A 12-year-old spayed female Chinese Crested was referred because of a mass detected in the gallbladder during ultrasonographic evaluation of the abdomen, which had been prompted by a history of high serum liver enzyme activities.

Clinical Findings: Serum biochemical analysis revealed mild hypoglobulinemia and high alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyltransferase, and alanine aminotransferase activities. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed diffuse hepatopathy and multiple pedunculated mucosal structures within the gallbladder.

Stimulation of food intake after central galanin is associated with arcuate nucleus activation and does not differ between genetically selected low and high body weight lines of chickens.

Galanin, a 29 residue peptide found in the hypothalamus, causes orexigenic effects in a variety of species. In the present study, we investigated appetite-associated effects of galanin in chicks from lines which have been selected from a common founder population for either low or high body weight. The low line consists of some anorexic individuals and there are obese individuals in the high line.