Thermodynamically Constrained Averaging Theory: Principles, Model Hierarchies, and Deviation Kinetic Energy Extensions.

The thermodynamically constrained averaging theory (TCAT) is a comprehensive theory used to formulate hierarchies of multiphase, multiscale models that are closed based upon the second law of thermodynamics. The rate of entropy production is posed in terms of the product of fluxes and forces of dissipative processes. The attractive features of TCAT include consistency across disparate length scales; thermodynamic consistency across scales; the inclusion of interfaces and common curves as well as phases; the development of kinematic equations to provide closure relations for geometric extent measures; and a structured approach to model building.

Radiographic and clinical changes of the tibial tuberosity after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy.

Objective: To investigate radiographic changes of the tibial tuberosity after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery and identify clinical findings and risk factors associated with such changes.

Study Design: Retrospective study.

Sample Population: Hundred and eighty-six client-owned dogs (219 stifles) that had TPLO surgery.