Tobacco Use, Insulin Resistance, and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: Results from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.

Introduction: Tobacco use is associated with insulin resistance and incident diabetes. Given the racial/ethnic differences in smoking patterns and incident type 2 diabetes our objective was to evaluate the association between tobacco use and insulin resistance (IR) as well as incident type 2 diabetes mellitus in a contemporary multiethnic cohort.

Methods And Results: We studied 5,931 Multi- Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants who at baseline were free of type 2 diabetes (fasting glucose ≥7.

Macrophage genetic reprogramming during chronic peritonitis is augmented by LPS pretreatment.

Background: Persistent and tertiary chronic peritonitis is a clinically challenging problem especially in those who are critically ill. This could be attributed to a state of immune-paralysis, known as microbial tolerance. Microbial tolerance is the diminished pro-inflammatory protein response following repeated stimulation by numerous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of varying origins, which we have shown in this novel model of chronic peritonitis.