Cold-induced vasodilation in abstinent smokers with and without a 12-hour nicotine patch.

This study was designed to identify the effects of a 12-h nicotine patch administration on cold induced vasodilation (CIVD) in healthy young chronic smokers following 16 h of abstinence from smoking. Two laser Doppler probes and temperature thermocouples were placed on the dorsal part of the distal phalanx of the middle and ring fingers of 7 smokers (>12 cigarettes/day). Following 16 h of abstinence from smoking, smokers were tested with and without administration of a 21 mg transdermal nicotine patch (NicoDerm ).

Hierarchical linear model: thinking outside the traditional repeated-measures analysis-of-variance box.

Longitudinal designs are common in the field of athletic training. For example, in the Journal of Athletic Training from 2005 through 2010, authors of 52 of the 218 original research articles used longitudinal designs. In 50 of the 52 studies, a repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data.

Fluid Replacement Attenuates Physiological Strain Resulting From Mild Hypohydration Without Impacting Cognitive Performance.

Purpose: The impact of mild hypohydration on physiological responses and cognitive performance following exercise-heat stress (EHS) were examined compared with conditions when fluids were ingested ad libitum (AL) or replaced to match sweat losses (FR).

Methods: Twelve unacclimatized, recreationally-active men (22.2 ± 2.

Resistance training for adolescents.

The benefits and possible detriment of resistance training have been noted extensively in the literature. Although the benefits of resistance training are well known, many professionals fail to heed scientific advice or follow appropriate recommendations for resistance training in adolescents. When developing a resistance training program for adolescents, be cognizant of any pre-existing health conditions and experience level of the adolescent.

Comparisons of cubed ice, crushed ice, and wetted ice on intramuscular and surface temperature changes.

Context: Many researchers have investigated the effectiveness of different types of cold application, including cold whirlpools, ice packs, and chemical packs. However, few have investigated the effectiveness of different types of ice used in ice packs, even though ice is one of the most common forms of cold application.

Objective: To evaluate and compare the cooling effectiveness of ice packs made with cubed, crushed, and wetted ice on intramuscular and skin surface temperatures.

Subcutaneous tissue thickness alters the effect of NMES.

Context: No direct research has been conducted on the relationship between subcutaneous tissue thickness and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of subcutaneous tissue thickness on NMES amplitude and NMES force production of the quadriceps.

Design: Simple fixed design, testing the independent variable of subcutaneous thickness (skinfold) groups with the dependent variables of NMES amplitude and force production.

Intramuscular temperature differences between the mid-point and peripheral effective radiating area with ultrasound.

The purpose of the study was to determine whether uniform intramuscular heating is achieved throughout a treatment area 2 times the transducer head at both 1 and 3 MHz. Seven male and three female subjects (Age: 23.6 ± 1.

The effects of nicotine on the metabolic and hormonal responses during acute cold exposure.

Objective: To examine the effects of nicotine on the metabolic and hormonal responses during acute cold exposure.

Methods: Participants in this study included 6 men and 5 women between the ages of 19 and 25 years. Each subject performed 2 cold-air trials (CATs) consisting of a 30-minute baseline (BASE) period and a 120-minute exposure to 10 degree C air.

The effects of a 6-week plyometric training program on agility.

The purpose of the study was to determine if six weeks of plyometric training can improve an athlete's agility. Subjects were divided into two groups, a plyometric training and a control group. The plyometric training group performed in a six week plyometric training program and the control group did not perform any plyometric training techniques.

Nicotine effects on thermoregulatory responses of men and women during acute cold exposure.

Introduction: Due to the impact of nicotine (NIC) on the physiological processes involved in temperature regulation during cold exposure, it is conceivable that NIC may affect the body's thermoregulatory abilities during a cold stress. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of NIC on thermoregulatory responses during acute cold exposure.

Methods: There were six men and six women between the ages of 18 and 25 yr who participated in this study.