Cognitive, Sleep-Arousal, Physical, and Affective Domain Scores on the Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Added Utility in Detecting Symptom Elevations among Student-Athletes with a Remote History of Concussion.

Objective: The evaluation of self-reported symptoms is a standard component of concussion assessment and management. Clinicians typically evaluate a total symptom severity score rather than scores corresponding to specific symptom domains (i.e.

Replicating a Meta-Analysis: The Search for the Optimal Word Choice Test Cutoff Continues.

This study was designed to expand on a recent meta-analysis that identified ≤42 as the optimal cutoff on the Word Choice Test (WCT). We examined the base rate of failure and the classification accuracy of various WCT cutoffs in four independent clinical samples ( = 252) against various psychometrically defined criterion groups. WCT ≤ 47 achieved acceptable combinations of specificity (.

The Post-Concussion Symptom Scale: Normative Data for Adolescent Student-Athletes Stratified by Gender and Preexisting Conditions.

Background: The Post-Concussion Symptom Scale (PCSS) is a self-report questionnaire measuring symptoms that commonly occur after a concussion; however, these symptoms are nonspecific and can be related to co-occurring orthopaedic injuries (eg, cervical strain) or patient characteristics and preexisting conditions, even in the absence of a recent injury. As such, clinicians may have difficulty determining whether symptom elevations are attributable to a recent concussion as opposed to a confounding injury or a preexisting condition, which may be especially difficult when preinjury baseline symptom data are unavailable.

Purpose: This study aimed to further validate the 4-factor model of the PCSS (ie, cognitive, sleep-arousal, physical, and affective symptoms) with adolescent student-athletes and provide normative reference data for each factor and the total score, stratified by gender and preexisting health conditions.

Cross-Cultural Performance Validity Testing: Managing False Positives in Examinees with Limited English Proficiency.

Base rates of failure (BR) on performance validity tests (PVTs) were examined in university students with limited English proficiency (LEP). BR was calculated for several free-standing and embedded PVTs. All free-standing PVTs and certain embedded indicators were robust to LEP.

Multivariate models provide an effective psychometric solution to the variability in classification accuracy of D-KEFS Stroop performance validity cutoffs.

The study was designed to expand on the results of previous investigations on the D-KEFS Stroop as a performance validity test (PVT), which produced diverging conclusions. The classification accuracy of previously proposed validity cutoffs on the D-KEFS Stroop was computed against four different criterion PVTs in two independent samples: patients with uncomplicated mild TBI ( = 68) and disability benefit applicants ( = 49). Age-corrected scaled scores (ACSSs) ≤6 on individual subtests often fell short of specificity standards.

Failing Performance Validity Cutoffs on the Boston Naming Test (BNT) Is Specific, but Insensitive to Non-Credible Responding.

This study was designed to examine alternative validity cutoffs on the Boston Naming Test (BNT).Archival data were collected from 206 adults assessed in a medicolegal setting following a motor vehicle collision. Classification accuracy was evaluated against three criterion PVTs.

The emotion word fluency test as an embedded performance validity indicator - Alone and in a multivariate validity composite.

Objective: This project was designed to cross-validate existing performance validity cutoffs embedded within measures of verbal fluency (FAS and animals) and develop new ones for the Emotion Word Fluency Test (EWFT), a novel measure of category fluency.

Method: The classification accuracy of the verbal fluency tests was examined in two samples (70 cognitively healthy university students and 52 clinical patients) against psychometrically defined criterion measures.

Results: A demographically adjusted -score of ≤31 on the FAS was specific (.

This will only take a minute: Time cutoffs are superior to accuracy cutoffs on the forced choice recognition trial of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the classification accuracy of the recently introduced forced-choice recognition trial to the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (FCR) as a performance validity test (PVT) in a clinical sample. Time-to-completion (T2C) for FCR was also examined.

Method: Forty-three students were assigned to either the control or the experimental malingering (MAL) condition.

The V-5 provides quick, accurate and cross-culturally valid measures of psychiatric symptoms.

This study was designed to cross-validate the V-5, a quick psychiatric screener, across administration formats and levels of examinee acculturation. The V-5 was administered twice (once at the beginning and once at the end of the testing session) to three samples (N = 277) with varying levels of symptom severity and English language proficiency, varying type of administration, alongside traditional self-reported symptom inventories as criterion measures. The highest rest-retest reliability was observed on the Depression (.

Introducing a forced choice recognition trial to the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised.

Objective: This study was designed to replicate previous research on embedded validity indicators (EVIs) in the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test - Revised (HVLT-R) and introduce a new forced choice recognition trial (FCR).

Method: Undergraduate research volunteers were randomly assigned ( = 21.7; = 14.

Stronger Together: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition as a Multivariate Performance Validity Test in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury.

Objective: This study was designed to evaluate the classification accuracy of a multivariate model of performance validity assessment using embedded validity indicators (EVIs) within the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV).

Method: Archival data were collected from 100 adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI) consecutively referred for neuropsychological assessment in a clinical setting. The classification accuracy of previously published individual EVIs nested within the WAIS-IV and a composite measure based on six independent EVIs were evaluated against psychometrically defined non-credible performance.

Sleep Biomarkers, Health Comorbidities, and Neurocognition in Obstructive Sleep Apnea.

Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with cognitive impairment but the relationships between specific biomarkers and neurocognitive domains remain unclear. The present study examined the influence of common health comorbidities on these relationships. Adults with suspected OSA (N=60; 53% male; M age=52 years; SD=14) underwent neuropsychological evaluation before baseline polysomnography (PSG).

Prevalence of Invalid Performance on Baseline Testing for Sport-Related Concussion by Age and Validity Indicator.

Importance: Estimated base rates of invalid performance on baseline testing (base rates of failure) for the management of sport-related concussion range from 6.1% to 40.0%, depending on the validity indicator used.

A Single Error Is One Too Many: The Forced Choice Recognition Trial of the CVLT-II as a Measure of Performance Validity in Adults with TBI.

Objective: The Forced Choice Recognition (FCR) trial of the California Verbal Learning Test-Second Edition (CVLT-II) was designed to serve as a performance validity test (PVT). The present study was designed to compare the classification accuracy of a more liberal alternative (≤15) to the de facto FCR cutoff (≤14).

Method: The classification accuracy of the two cutoffs was computed in reference to psychometrically defined invalid performance, across various criterion measures, in a sample of 104 adults with TBI clinically referred for neuropsychological assessment.

Utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test and Word Choice Test.

This study was designed to examine the clinical utility of critical items within the Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and the Word Choice Test (WCT). Archival data were collected from a mixed clinical sample of 202 patients clinically referred for neuropsychological testing (54.5% male; mean age = 45.

The power of timing: Adding a time-to-completion cutoff to the Word Choice Test and Recognition Memory Test improves classification accuracy.

Introduction: The Recognition Memory Test (RMT) and Word Choice Test (WCT) are structurally similar, but psychometrically different. Previous research demonstrated that adding a time-to-completion cutoff improved the classification accuracy of the RMT. However, the contribution of WCT time-cutoffs to improve the detection of invalid responding has not been investigated.

The Emotion Word Fluency Test (EWFT): Initial psychometric, validation, and physiological evidence in young adults.

Introduction: The clinical assessment of affective functioning has been slow to incorporate findings from affective neuroscience. Of particular interest in the current study is the assessment of affective word production.

Method: In a series of four studies, we examined test-retest and interrater reliability for the Emotion Word Fluency Test (EWFT), basic construct validity with existing verbal fluency measures, physiological responses across verbal fluency tasks, and a novel scoring method to examine qualitative aspects of participant response sets.

Performance validity in undergraduate research participants: a comparison of failure rates across tests and cutoffs.

Objective: This study compared failure rates on performance validity tests (PVTs) across liberal and conservative cutoffs in a sample of undergraduate students participating in academic research.

Method: Participants (n = 120) were administered four free-standing PVTs (Test of Memory Malingering, Word Memory Test, Rey 15-Item Test, Hiscock Forced-Choice Procedure) and three embedded PVTs (Digit Span, letter and category fluency). Participants also reported their perceived level of effort during testing.

Cognitive-Affective Verbal Learning Test: An integrated measure of affective and neutral words.

Despite growing affective-memory research, only 2 potential clinical measures have been published, each with limitations. We describe the development and piloting of an integrated memory measure for neutral and affectively valenced words, the Cognitive-Affective Verbal Learning Test (C-AVLT). The C-AVLT and mood self-report measures were administered to 124 healthy university students in Study 1, with readministration to 40 students after 1 week.

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) processing speed scores as measures of noncredible responding: The third generation of embedded performance validity indicators.

Research suggests that select processing speed measures can also serve as embedded validity indicators (EVIs). The present study examined the diagnostic utility of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) subtests as EVIs in a mixed clinical sample of 205 patients medically referred for neuropsychological assessment (53.3% female, mean age = 45.

Inconsistent vs consistent right-handers' performance on an episodic memory task: evidence from the California Verbal Learning Test.

Inconsistent handedness is associated with better memory performance on episodic memory tasks than consistent handedness. The present study further explored this difference in memory related to handedness by administering a measure that is used in clinical settings to assess different aspects of long-term memory. The results indicated that inconsistent right-handed individuals recalled and recognised more words on the California Verbal Learning Test-II than consistent right-handed individuals.

Affective and cognitive correlates of gambling behavior in university students.

The purpose of the following study was to explore certain affective and cognitive components and their relationships to gambling behavior in an undergraduate population. Specifically, the aim was to predict gambling severity using depression scores on the BDI-II, the dependency and self-criticism subscales on the DEQ, emotional awareness scores on the LEAS, cognitive flexibility scores from the STROOP, and a creativity subtests from the TTCT. Participants were 200 undergraduate students and 3.

Pain, executive functioning, and affect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting in substantial pain. The physical and emotional effects of RA are well known, but little attention has been given to the potential cognitive effects of RA pain, although intact executive functioning in patients with chronic illness is crucial for the successful completion of many daily activities. We examined the relationship between pain and executive functioning in patients with RA, and also considered the influence of positive and negative affect in the relationship between pain and executive functioning.

A case of developmental deep dyslexia: what's left is right.

Cases of acquired deep dyslexia have not clearly and consistently supported any of the theoretical models. We report on a case of a 51-year-old right-handed female, L.S.

Degree versus direction: a comparison of four handedness classification schemes through the investigation of lateralised semantic priming.

Four classification systems were examined using lateralised semantic priming in order to investigate whether degree or direction of handedness better captures the pattern of lateralised semantic priming. A total of 85 participants completed a lateralised semantic priming task and three handedness questionnaires. The classification systems tested were: (1) the traditional right- vs left-handed (RHs vs LHs); (2) a four-factor model of strong and weak right- and left-handers (SRHs, WRHs, SLHs, WLHs); (3) strong- vs mixed-handed (SHs vs MHs); and (4) a three-factor model of consistent left- (CLHs), inconsistent left- (ILHs), and consistent right-handers (CRHs).