Retrospective evaluation of voriconazole treatment in psittacines: 14 cases (2012-2023).

Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the clinical use of voriconazole in psittacine patients for the treatment of suspected respiratory fungal infections.

Animals: 14 client-owned psittacine birds.

Methods: Medical records were searched from 2012 to 2023 for voriconazole use in psittacines.

Diagnosis and outcome of odontogenic abscesses in client-owned rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 72 cases (2011-2022).

Objective: To characterize the epidemiologic features of rabbits with odontogenic abscesses.

Animals: 72 client-owned rabbits.

Methods: The medical record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched to identify rabbits with odontogenic abscesses characterized by a palpable facial mass and confirmed via CT scan.

Antemortem Diagnosis and Successful Long-term Management of Disseminated Intracoelomic Xanthogranulomatous Disease in an Eclectus Parrot ().

A 12-year-old male eclectus parrot () was referred for evaluation of coelomic distention. Computed tomography and blood work revealed coelomic effusion with free coelomic mineral-attenuating material and elevations in the bile acids and aspartate aminotransferase activity, respectively. Coelomic effusion was consistent with macrophagic inflammation with abundant intracellular lipids.

Subcutaneous hydromorphone hydrochloride provides antinociception with transient adverse effects in four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris).

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hydromorphone administered SC in four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris).

Animals: 12 healthy adult hedgehogs.

Methods: Hedgehogs underwent 2 randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, complete crossover studies.

Cutaneous Histiocytosis in an Eastern Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis).

A free-ranging Eastern gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) was presented for ulcerated cutaneous masses at the base of both pinnae in July 2021. Diagnosis of cutaneous histiocytosis was achieved by histologic and immunohistochemical examination of one excised mass and supported by spontaneous resolution of the contralateral mass before the squirrel's release.

Efficacy and safety of subcutaneous methadone hydrochloride in four-toed hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris).

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of SC methadone in four-toed hedgehogs.

Animals: 9 to 12 healthy adult four-toed hedgehogs (7 to 9 males and 3 females).

Methods: Hedgehogs underwent 3 randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled, complete crossover studies.

Long-term systemic antibiotics and surgical treatment can be an effective treatment option for retrobulbar abscesses in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): 21 cases (2011-2022).

Objective: To characterize the epidemiologic features of rabbits with retrobulbar abscesses, including the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome.

Animals: 21 client-owned rabbits.

Methods: The medical record database of a veterinary teaching hospital was searched from 2011 to 2022 for records of rabbits diagnosed with retrobulbar abscesses by CT.

Subconjunctival enucleation with or without third eyelid removal may present a viable enucleation technique in rabbits: 18 cases (2014-2022).

Objective: To evaluate intraoperative and postoperative complications and outcomes following subconjunctival enucleations with and without third eyelid removal in domestic rabbits.

Animals: 18 client-owned rabbits with ocular disease confined to the globe that underwent 20 subconjunctival enucleation procedures at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Methods: Records were retrospectively reviewed for all enucleations performed at a veterinary teaching hospital from 2014 to 2022.

Variations in the morphology of lagomorph confluence sinuum on contrast enhanced CT.

Knowledge of lagomorph confluence sinuum anatomy on contrast-enhanced CT may prevent the misdiagnoses of intracranial, extra-axial masses. The purpose of this retrospective, observational, descriptive study was to describe the characteristics of the confluence sinuum in rabbits on contrast-enhanced CT. Images of 24 rabbits who had pre- and postcontrast CT sequences of the skull were reviewed by an American College of Veterinary Radiology-certified veterinary radiologist and third-year radiology resident.

Hystricomorph Rodent Analgesia.

Limited information on the analgesic efficacy and safety of even clinically commonly used analgesic drugs in guinea pigs and chinchillas is available. Buprenorphine and meloxicam are currently the most common analgesics routinely used to treat painful conditions in guinea pigs and chinchillas. Hydromorphone has also shown to be an effective analgesic drug in these species, with limited adverse effects.

Clinicopathologic Findings in Chickens () Administered Amikacin Through Intravenous Regional Limb Perfusion.

Regional limb perfusion (RLP) has been used to treat cases of distal limb infections in avian species. Potentially nephrotoxic drugs, such as amikacin, may increase the risk of nephrotoxicity with RLP because of the presence of the renal portal system and direct venous blood flow from the pelvic limbs to the kidneys. In a randomized, blinded, placebo-controlled study, the safety of repeated amikacin administration (20 mg/kg q24h for 3 doses) via RLP was evaluated in healthy female chickens (; n = 8 treatment, n = 8 saline control group).

Effects of Midazolam on Food Intake in Budgerigars ().

Currently, drug-induced stimulation of appetite is not commonly performed in hyporexic or anorexic companion psittacine birds. Instead, to prevent a catabolic state and weight loss, supplemental feedings are routinely performed by crop gavage. However, crop gavage is not without complications and is stressful to the patient and labor intensive.

Evaluation of dexmedetomidine-midazolam sedation in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Objective: To evaluate the sedative effects of IM administration of a high or low dose of dexmedetomidine in combination with midazolam in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus).

Animals: 20 healthy adult budgerigars.

Procedures: In a prospective, randomized, blinded study, birds were sedated with a high dose (HD; 0.

Successful outcome of shell fractures in freshwater turtles treated with plate or screws and wire fixation techniques: 51 cases (2014-2019).

Objective: To evaluate the outcome of surgical fixation of shell fractures in rehabilitated wild freshwater turtles.

Animals: 51 freshwater turtles with 86 shell fractures.

Procedures: The medical record database of a wildlife rehabilitation center in Wisconsin was searched from 2014 through 2019 for records of freshwater turtles with shell fractures repaired with a plate technique, screws and wire technique, or both.

Neuraxial administration of morphine combined with lidocaine induces regional antinociception in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Objective: To assess the antinociceptive efficacy and safety of neuraxial morphine in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Animals: 10 healthy adult bearded dragons.

Procedures: Animals were sedated with alfaxalone (15 mg/kg) SC prior to neuraxial injections.

Sedation and Anesthesia of Lizards.

The field of lizard sedation, anesthesia, and locoregional anesthesia is advancing with new drug protocols being evaluated, and new locoregional techniques being developed and evaluated. Inducing and maintaining effective and safe chemical restraint in lizards can be challenging, particularly in systemically diseased individuals. Understanding the anatomic and physiologic adaptations of lizards, using reversible or partially reversible injectable protocols, and using locoregional anesthesia may increase the quality of chemical restraint, facilitate faster recoveries, and limit anesthesia-related morbidity and mortality.

Analgesic Efficacy of Tramadol and Morphine in White's Tree Frogs ().

Published data are sparse regarding the recognition of clinically relevant pain and appropriate analgesia in amphibians. The amphibian analgesia literature has primarily focused on nociceptive pathways in a single species, the northern leopard frog (). The objective of the current study was to assess the analgesic efficacy and safety of oral tramadol and subcutaneous morphine in a commonly maintained zoo and pet species, White's tree frog ().

Avian Sedation.

The use of procedural sedation in birds has become a routine practice in veterinary medicine during the past 10 years, with a corresponding increase in avian sedation research. Sedation is most often used in a clinical setting for birds to facilitate examination and/or diagnostic sample collection, splint application, grooming, and minor surgical procedures. Sedation provides several benefits over manual restraint or general anesthesia when performing clinical procedures.

Evaluation of glucose absorption rates following intracoelomic or subcutaneous administration in experimentally dehydrated inland bearded dragons ().

Objective: To evaluate glucose absorption rates as an indirect measure of fluid absorption after SC or intracoelomic (ICe) administration of 2.5% dextrose solution to experimentally dehydrated inland bearded dragons ().

Animals: 9 adult bearded dragons.

Development and Testing of a Sedation Scale for Use in Rabbits ().

In biomedical research, rabbits are commonly sedated to facilitate a variety of procedures. Developing a sedation assessment scale enables standardization of levels of sedation and comparisons of sedation protocols, and may help in predicting sedation level requirements for different procedures. The goal of this study was to develop a rabbit sedation assessment scale using a psychometric approach.

Evaluation of neuraxial administration of bupivacaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Objective: To assess the success rate, onset, duration and extent of motor/sensory block following neuraxial injection of two dosages of bupivacaine in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps).

Study Design: Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover experimental study.

Animals: A total of 10 adult bearded dragons (0.

Effects of Tinidazole on Food Intake in Chinchillas ().

Tinidazole is a second-generation nitroimidazole compound that is used as an antimicrobial to treat anaerobic bacterial and protozoal infections in humans and, less frequently, in veterinary medicine. However, metronidazole, another secondgeneration nitroimidazole, is more commonly used. Nonetheless, tinidazole has proven to be a superior therapy for parasitic infections in humans, particularly in the treatment of giardiasis.

Use of Amlodipine in Psittacine Birds: 5 Cases (2010-2018).

Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker shown to be effective in lowering blood pressure with minimal adverse effects in mammals. To provide a retrospective evaluation of amlodipine use in psittacine birds, medical records were reviewed for all avian patients prescribed amlodipine for treatment for the presumptive diagnosis of hypertension, based on clinical signs and indirect blood pressure measurements. Five birds were treated with amlodipine between 2010 and 2018.