One-year effects of bifocal and unifocal glasses on executive functions in children with Down syndrome in a randomized controlled trial.

Appropriate glasses can improve visual functioning of children with Down syndrome (DS), but it is unknown if such interventions influence their cognitive impairments. In a randomized controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. Children with DS (2-16 years) were provided either bifocal glasses (add +2.

Differences between children with Down syndrome and typically developing children in adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuity.

In children with Down syndrome (DS) development of visual, motor and cognitive functions is atypical. It is unknown whether the visual impairments in children with DS aggravate their lag in cognitive development. Visual impairment and developmental lags in adaptive behaviour and executive functions were assessed in 104 children with DS, 2-16 years, by comparing their adaptive behaviour, executive functions and visual acuity (distant and near) scores against published age-matched norm scores of typically developing children.

Bifocals reduce strabismus in children with Down syndrome: Evidence from a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: Children with Down syndrome (DS) more often have strabismus, refractive errors, accommodative lags and reduced visual acuity (VA) than typically developing children. In this study, we compare the effects of bifocal glasses with those of unifocal glasses in children with DS. Changes in angle of strabismus, accommodation and refractive error were analysed in this paper.

Effects of bifocals on visual acuity in children with Down syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

Purpose: Children with Down syndrome (DS) typically have reduced visual acuity (VA) and accommodation lag, but it is unclear whether prescribed glasses should correct both distance VA (DVA) and near VA (NVA) due to the lack of RCTs. We therefore conducted a multicentre RCT to compare the effects of bifocals designed to correct both DVA and NVA with distance-correcting unifocal glasses in children with DS.

Methods: A total of 119 children with DS, aged 2-16, were randomly allocated for bifocal or unifocal glasses (with full correction of refraction error in cycloplegia) in 14 Dutch hospitals and followed during 1 year.

Termination of amblyopia treatment: when to stop follow-up visits and risk factors for recurrence.

Background: This study estimated when it is safe to stop follow-up visits after cessation of amblyopia treatment and to identify factors associated with deterioration of visual acuity.

Methods: Study patients included 282 patients aged 7 to 13 years who were monitored for deterioration after cessation of amblyopia treatment (median follow-up: 3.9 years).