Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Stress among Male Caregivers.

Whereas research on caregiving is well documented, less is known about gender inequalities in caregiver stress, coping mechanisms, and health outcomes, all of which may vary by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. This scoping review investigated racial and ethnic disparities using the Stress Process Model among male caregivers. Several databases were searched including Academic Search Premier, Medline Complete, APA PsycInfo, CINHAL, Google, ProQuest, and Web of Science.

The Socialization of Unpaid Family Caregivers: A Scoping Review.

As unpaid family caregiving of older adults becomes increasingly prevalent, it is imperative to understand how family caregivers are socialized and how they understand the caregiving role. This PRISMA-ScR-based scoping review examines the published literature between 1995-2019 on the socialization of potential and current unpaid family caregivers of older adults. Of 4,599 publications identified, 47 were included.

Correlates of Strength and Balance Training Exercises in Older African American Adults.

Background And Objectives: This study investigated the behavioral and psychological correlates of strength and balance training (SBT) participation among older African Americans.

Research Design And Methods: A cross-sectional survey of 90 older African Americans (M = 66.7 ± 8.

Uncertainty in Transition of African American Caregivers.

The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the ambiguities and uncertainties experienced by a diverse group of African-American caregivers. The study applied Schlossberg's transition theory (TT) and Mishel's revised uncertainty theory to narratives of self-identified African-American caregivers who provided care at least 5 h a week. The men (6) and women (8) were mostly unmarried, mostly caring for a parent or grandparent.

Dementia and Caregiver Stress: An Application of the Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory.

The Reconceptualized Uncertainty in Illness Theory (RUIT) was used to investigate antecedents to, appraisals of, and ways of coping with stressful caregiving. Four focus groups with caregivers (8 males and 16 females) of relatives with dementia were conducted; 15 cared for their parents and the remainder cared for their spouses. They were recruited from an adult care center and other community settings in a metropolitan area in New England.

Recruitment and retention of healthy and high-risk older adults for a multiyear influenza vaccination study.

Purpose: Evaluate five different recruitment strategies for their capacity to enroll and retain both healthy and vulnerable older adults as part of a multiyear influenza vaccination study.

Methods: We analyzed recruitment methods and other characteristics ofindividuals who participated in or were considered for five sequential one-year studies.

Results: Of 940 screened individuals, 820 met eligibility criteria with 795 enrolled over the five-year study (307 primary participants).

Insights into the experiences of older workers and change: through the lens of selection, optimization, and compensation.

Purpose: The study examined the barriers faced, the goals selected, and the optimization and compensation strategies of older workers in relation to career change.

Method: Thirty open-ended interviews, 12 in the United States and 18 in New Zealand, were conducted, recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed for themes.

Results: Barriers to finding and maintaining work included task difficulty, problems with coworkers and management, lack of self-confidence, health/physical limitations, ageism, and stereotyping.

Adherence to calcium/vitamin D and estrogen protocols among diverse older participants enrolled in a clinical trial.

Purpose: This study was intended to identify characteristics of those who adhere poorly to calcium/vitamin D and estrogen replacement protocols, and aimed to assess the effects of ethnicity, socio-economic status, and health status on medication adherence.

Methods: The adherence rates of 107 older white, African American and Hispanic participants of a clinical trial involving calcium/vitamin D and either estrogen replacement or placebo therapy were analyzed. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypothesis that minority participants would have lower adherence rates than white participants, but only if they had lower household incomes and educational achievement, more osteoporosis risk factors, negative health assessments, and fewer somatic complaints than white participants.

Osteoporosis medications used by older African-American women: effects of socioeconomic status and psychosocial factors.

This study examined the effects of socioeconomic status, knowledge and Health Belief Model variables on ever use of hormone therapy and other osteoporosis medications among older African-American women. One-hundred and two African-American women, 60 years old or older, randomly selected from Registers of Voters and a list of participants in educational activities of a university hospital, were interviewed in their homes. Data collected concerned knowledge of osteoporosis, Health Belief Model variables, and cues to action such as history of hysterectomy, personal and family history of cancer, bone mineral density testing, and discussion with a physician about osteoporosis.

Strategies for enrolling diverse older women in an osteoporosis trial.

Objectives: This study reviewed a consumer-oriented process for recruiting research volunteers age 65 or older for an osteoporosis clinical trial.

Methods: Odds ratios were used to estimate the relative importance of methods to enroll research volunteers from three racial or ethnic groups.

Results: Nine hundred and four women were screened; 168 African American, White, and Hispanic women enrolled.

The effect of different doses of micronized 17beta-estradiol on C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and lipids in older women.

Background: The authors evaluated the effect of 3 doses (0.25 mg/day, 0.5 mg/day, and 1 mg/day) of micronized 17beta-estradiol (E2) on C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and lipids, compared with placebo, in healthy older women participating in an osteoporosis study.

Barriers to eligibility and enrollment among older women in a clinical trial on osteoporosis: effects of ethnicity and SES.

Objectives: The study examined whether ethnicity or socioeconomic status influenced a group's ability to meet eligibility criteria and willingness to enroll.

Method: The eligibility and enrollment status of 904 women aged 65 years and older who responded to recruitment efforts of an estrogen and osteoporosis clinical trial were analyzed.

Results: Among women screened, 59% were White, 27% African Americans, and 14% Hispanics; average age was 75 years; 57.

Effects of smoking cessation or reduction on hormone profiles and bone turnover in postmenopausal women.

The purpose of this study was to prospectively evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on hormonal concentrations, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and markers of bone turnover in postmenopausal women. Sixty-six women who were either users or non-users of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) were randomly assigned, using a weighted randomization scheme, to smoking cessation (SC) or to smoking cessation after 6 weeks of monitoring (wait-list control group, WLC). We measured hormones [estrone, estradiol, testosterone, parathyroid hormone, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and androstenedione] and SHBG, markers of bone turnover [procollagen peptide (PINP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP), and osteocalcin (OC), N- and C-terminal collagen cross-links (NTx and CTx)], and cotinine, at baseline and again at 6 weeks in women who reported smoking cessation and in women randomized to the WLC group.