Using focus groups with dairy cattle veterinarians to explore learning about calf welfare.

Dairy calf welfare is a growing interest within the veterinary field. However, a limited understanding of the conception of calf welfare by dairy cattle veterinarians can hinder efforts to promote welfare improvements on farms. The aim of this study was to explore how focus groups can promote learning about dairy calf welfare issues among cattle veterinarians.

The Implications of Policies on the Welfare of Free-Roaming Cats in New Zealand.

A lack of national legislation for cat management in New Zealand poses challenges for ensuring that practices are consistently humane and effective. In this paper, we review the current cat management policies in New Zealand and the implications they have on the welfare of free-roaming cats (from here on, referred to as 'cats'). Our review demonstrates that there are multiple policy mechanisms used to manage cats in New Zealand for a variety of reasons, including animal welfare, pest management, and nuisance, and that these different policies have both positive and negative implications for cat welfare.

Dairy farmers' perspectives on providing cow-calf contact in the pasture-based systems of New Zealand.

Separation of the cow and calf shortly after birth is a common practice on commercial dairy farms around the world, but there are emerging concerns about this practice among citizens and other stakeholders. Continuous improvement of on-farm management practices in collaboration with dairy sector stakeholders increases the likelihood that farming systems evolve in a way that is consistent with societal expectations. Few commercial dairy farms provide extended cow-calf contact, and there is little understanding of how dairy farmers view this practice.

How benchmarking motivates farmers to improve dairy calf management.

Dairy calves often receive inadequate colostrum for successful transfer of passive immunity and inadequate milk to achieve their potential for growth and avoid hunger, but little is known about what motivates farmers to improve calf management around these concerns. Our aim was to assess if and how access to benchmarking reports, providing data on calf performance and peer comparison, would change the ways in which farmers think about calves and their management. During our study, 18 dairy farmers in the lower Fraser Valley (British Columbia, Canada) each received 2 benchmark reports that conveyed information on transfer of immunity and calf growth for their own calves and for other farms in the region.

A Microbiome DNA Enrichment Method for Next-Generation Sequencing Sample Preparation.

"Microbiome" is used to describe the communities of microorganisms and their genes in a particular environment, including communities in association with a eukaryotic host or part of a host. One challenge in microbiome analysis concerns the presence of host DNA in samples. Removal of host DNA before sequencing results in greater sequence depth of the intended microbiome target population.

Selective Depletion of Abundant RNAs to Enable Transcriptome Analysis of Low-Input and Highly Degraded Human RNA.

Ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) are extremely abundant, often constituting 80% to 90% of total RNA. Since rRNA sequences are often not of interest in genomic RNA sequencing experiments, rRNAs can be removed from the sample before the library preparation step, in order to prevent the majority of the library and the majority of sequencing reads from being rRNA. Removal of rRNA can be especially challenging for low quality and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) RNA samples due to the fragmented nature of these RNA molecules.