Cross-sectional survey of rural and nonrural veterinarians indicates similarities in intent to stay or leave practice and differences in community attachment and satisfaction.

Objective: The primary objective was to identify veterinary workforce characteristics and factors contributing to staying in or leaving a veterinary practice. A secondary objective was to compare workforce characteristics and factors related to retention between survey respondents working in rural versus nonrural areas.

Methods: Veterinarians were surveyed via a questionnaire distributed with the use of a state veterinary medical association listserv or veterinary program alumni listserv from February 2022 to January 2023 and social media postings on X (formerly known as Twitter) and Facebook in April 2022.

Epidemiology and Control of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Cattle in Southern Climates.

Control of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) can have both economic and health benefits for cattle operations in the southern United States. In the past several decades, GIN control has relied almost exclusively on the use of anthelmintics. With the increase in anthelmintic resistance new strategies must be developed.

Preparation and Response for Flooding Events in Beef Cattle.

Flooding appears to be occurring at an increased frequency and severity, resulting in significant losses to the beef cattle industry. Responding to the needs of beef cattle is a resource-intense occurrence and beyond that provided by most local jurisdictions. It is incumbent on livestock producers to develop continuity of operations or emergency plans designed to limit the financial losses and compromised animal welfare that occur when livestock are exposed to flood conditions.

Coccidiosis in Large and Small Ruminants.

Coccidiosis is an important parasitic disease of young ruminant livestock caused by the protozoan parasite of the genus Eimeria. Infection with Eimeria can lead to subclinical production losses and clinical disease. The most common clinical sign is diarrhea.

Fluid therapy in small ruminants and camelids.

Body water, electrolytes, and acid-base balance are important considerations in the evaluation and treatment of small ruminants and camelids with any disease process, with restoration of these a priority as adjunctive therapy. The goals of fluid therapy should be to maintain cardiac output and tissue perfusion, and to correct acid-base and electrolyte abnormalities. Hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and acidosis are the most life-threatening abnormalities, and require most immediate correction.

Salivary gland thrombostasin isoforms differentially regulate blood uptake of horn flies fed on control- and thrombostasin-vaccinated cattle.

Thrombostasin (TS) is an anticlotting protein found in saliva of Haematobia irritans (horn flies). The polymorphic nature of the ts gene was first associated with success of horn flies blood feeding on a laboratory host, New Zealand White rabbits. In this study, we report results of similar studies testing blood uptake of horn flies feeding on a natural host, cattle.

Salivary gland thrombostasin isoforms differentially regulate blood uptake of horn flies fed on New Zealand White rabbits.

Thrombostasin (TS) is a previously characterized anticlotting protein with multiple isoforms found in the saliva of horn flies. In this report, the effect of TS isoforms on blood feeding was assessed using individual flies that carried corresponding ts allelles. Laboratory studies of horn fly blood feeding were conducted using colony-reared flies fed on New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits.

Effect of dexamethasone administration on bulls with a localized testicular infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus.

The objective of this research was to evaluate reactivation of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) following dexamethasone treatment in 4 bulls that had previously been inoculated with BVDV, 3 of which had been demonstrated to have a localized testicular infection. Bulls were housed in an isolated pasture with in-contact steers. Beginning on day 0 of this study, all bulls received a daily dose of 0.

Evaluation of a recombinant salivary gland protein (thrombostasin) as a vaccine candidate to disrupt blood-feeding by horn flies.

The potential for controlling blood-feeding by the cattle pest, Haematobia irritans irritans (horn fly), was tested by vaccination against thrombostasin (TS), an inhibitor of mammalian thrombin that is released into skin during horn fly blood-feeding. The increase in blood meal size that occurred for flies feeding on sensitized non-vaccinated hosts was blocked and egg development in female flies was delayed when horn flies fed on rabbits and cattle immunized with recombinant TS. This demonstration of the impact of disrupting TS action by vaccination provides a novel approach toward control of this veterinary pest and offers a paradigm for limiting blood-feeding in other medically-important insect species.

Development and in-vitro evaluation of sustained release poloxamer 407 (P407) gel formulations of ceftiofur.

The objective of this study was to develop sustained release Poloxamer 407 (P407) gel formulations of ceftiofur for treating foot infections in cattle. The formulations contained 25-35% (w/v) P407 alone or with polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), carboxy methylcellulose (CMC), or hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as an additive. The in-vitro release profiles of ceftiofur from the P407 formulations and the gel dissolution profiles were obtained simultaneously.

Pluronic F127 gel formulations of deslorelin and GnRH reduce drug degradation and sustain drug release and effect in cattle.

The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of intramuscular sustained release Pluronic F127 (PF127) gel formulations of deslorelin, a potent GnRH agonist, and GnRH to their solution formulations in inducing the release of luteinizing hormone and formation of luteal tissue in cattle. Injectable gel formulations of deslorelin and GnRH were prepared using Pluronic F127 (25%, w/w), a block copolymer. PF127 gels sustained the in vitro release of deslorelin as well as GnRH at similar rates and reduced drug degradation in muscle tissue when compared to the solution formulations.

Lactate metabolism in resting and contracting canine skeletal muscle with elevated lactate concentration.

This study was undertaken to quantitatively account for the metabolic disposal of lactate in skeletal muscle exposed to an elevated lactate concentration during rest and mild-intensity contractions. The gastrocnemius plantaris muscle group (GP) was isolated in situ in seven anesthetized dogs. In two experiments, the muscles were perfused with an artificial perfusate with a blood lactate concentration of ~9 mM while normal blood gas/pH status was maintained with [U-(14)C]lactate included to follow lactate metabolism.