Artificial intelligence and ChatGPT: An otolaryngology patient's ally or foe?

Background: As artificial intelligence (AI) is integrating into the healthcare sphere, there is a need to evaluate its effectiveness in the various subspecialties of medicine, including otolaryngology. Our study intends to provide a cursory review of ChatGPT's diagnostic capability, ability to convey pathophysiology in simple terms, accuracy in providing management recommendations, and appropriateness in follow up and post-operative recommendations in common otolaryngologic conditions.

Methods: Adenotonsillectomy (T&A), tympanoplasty (TP), endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), parotidectomy (PT), and total laryngectomy (TL) were substituted for the word procedure in the following five questions and input into ChatGPT version 3.

Nasal Airway Evaluation.

The nose has several important functions including inspiration, humidification of air, and filtering of allergens. The nose also has a major role in facial harmony as the central focal point. Patients will present to the rhinoplasty surgeon in an effort to fix the inability to breathe through the nose or correct a perceived nasal deformity in the shape of the nose.

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Perineural Invasion in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Potential Targets for Therapeutic Intervention.

The most common oral cavity cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), of which perineural invasion (PNI) is a significant prognostic factor associated with decreased survival and an increased rate of locoregional recurrence. In the classical theory of PNI, cancer was believed to invade nerves directly through the path of least resistance in the perineural space; however, more recent evidence suggests that PNI requires reciprocal signaling interactions between tumor cells and nerve components, particularly Schwann cells. Specifically, head and neck SCC can express neurotrophins and neurotrophin receptors that may contribute to cancer migration towards nerves, PNI, and neuritogenesis towards cancer.

Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Vestibular Schwannoma and Relationship to Hearing.

Objective: (1) Characterize the distribution of M1 and M2 macrophages in vestibular schwannomas by hearing status. (2) Develop assays to assess monocyte migration and macrophage polarization in cocultures with vestibular schwannoma cells.

Study Design: Basic and translational science.

Genetics and the Individualized Therapy of Vestibular Disorders.

Vestibular disorders (VDs) are a clinically divergent group of conditions that stem from pathology at the level of the inner ear, vestibulocochlear nerve, or central vestibular pathway. No etiology can be identified in the majority of patients with VDs. Relatively few families have been reported with VD, and so far, no causative genes have been identified despite the fact that more than 100 genes have been identified for inherited hearing loss.

Fluorescent Detection of Vestibular Schwannoma Using Intravenous Sodium Fluorescein In Vivo.

Background: Vestibular schwannoma (VS) are intracranial tumors caused by merlin deficiency. Sodium fluorescein (SF) is a fluorescent compound that accumulates in various intracranial tumors, causing tumors to emit green fluorescence after blue light excitation.

Hypothesis: Intravenous SF preferentially deposits in VS, helping surgeons differentiate tumor from surrounding tissue.

Merlin-Deficient Schwann Cells Are More Susceptible to Radiation Injury than Normal Schwann Cells In Vitro.

 Vestibular schwannomas (VS) are intracranial tumors, which are caused by gene mutations that lead to loss of merlin protein. A treatment for VS is stereotactic radiosurgery, a form of radiation. To better understand the radiobiology of VS and radiation toxicity to adjacent structures, our main objectives were (1) investigate effects of single fraction (SF) radiation on viability, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in normal Schwann cells (SCs) and merlin-deficient Schwann cells (MD-SCs) in vitro, and (2) analyze expression of double strand DNA breaks (γ-H2AX) and DNA repair protein Rad51 following irradiation.

Modulation of BDNF-TRKB Interactions on Schwann Cell-induced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Dispersion .

Background/aim: Perineural invasion (PNI) is a significant pathological feature in head and neck cancer. The molecular mechanisms of PNI are poorly understood. Contrary to the previous belief that cancer cells invade nerves, recent studies have shown that Schwann cells (SC) can dedifferentiate, intercalate between cancer cells, and promote cancer dispersion.

Inhibition of tropomyosine receptor kinase B on the migration of human Schwann cell and dispersion of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in vitro.

Background: Schwann cells (SC) may play an important role in perineural invasion (PNI) by promoting cancer cell dispersion. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) may contribute to these cellular events by activating tropomyosine receptor kinase B (TrkB). This study examines the effect of TrkB inhibition on SC migration and oral cancer cell dispersion in vitro.

A Xenograft Model of Vestibular Schwannoma and Hearing Loss.

Hypothesis: Microsurgical implantation of mouse merlin-deficient Schwann cells (MD-SC) into the cerebellopontine angle of immunodeficient rats will initiate tumor formation, hearing loss, and vestibular dysfunction.

Background: The progress in identifying effective drug therapies for treatment of Neurofibromatosis type II (NF2) is limited by the availability of animal models of VS that develop hearing loss and imbalance.

Methods: A microsurgical technique for implanting MD-SCs onto the cochleovestibular nerve of rats was developed.

Precision medicine in hearing loss.

Precision medicine (PM) proposes customized medical care based on a patient's unique genome, biomarkers, environment and behaviors. Hearing loss (HL) is the most common sensorineural disorder worldwide and is frequently caused by a single genetic mutation. With recent advances in PM tools such as genetic sequencing and data analysis, the field of HL is ideally positioned to adopt the strategies of PM.

Differential substrate recognition by isozymes of plant protein-only Ribonuclease P.

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) catalyzes the cleavage of leader sequences from precursor tRNA (pre-tRNA). Typically, these enzymes are ribonucleic protein complexes that are found in all domains of life. However, a new class of RNase P has been discovered that is composed entirely of protein, termed protein-only RNase P (PRORP).

CAN DO Houston: a community-based approach to preventing childhood obesity.

Background: Comprehensive, community-based efforts may reduce rates of childhood obesity.

Community Context: Almost half of the children in Houston are overweight or obese, even though Houston has many available resources that support good nutrition, physical activity, and prevention of weight gain among children.

Methods: We used existing resources to implement a community-based, childhood obesity prevention initiative in 2 low-income neighborhoods in Houston.