The two most abundant minerals in the Earth's lower mantle are bridgmanite and ferropericlase. The bulk modulus of ferropericlase (Fp) softens as iron d-electrons transition from a high-spin to low-spin state, affecting the seismic compressional velocity but not the shear velocity. Here, we identify a seismological expression of the iron spin crossover in fast regions associated with cold Fp-rich subducted oceanic lithosphere: the relative abundance of fast velocities in P- and S-wave tomography models diverges in the ~1,400-2,000 km depth range.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Timely administration of effective antibiotics is important in sepsis management. Source-targeted antibiotics are believed to be most effective, but source identification could cause time delays.
Objectives: First, to describe the accuracy/time delays of a diagnostic work-up and the association with time to antibiotics in septic emergency department (ED) patients.
Acute pain is common among patients at the emergency department and is still not being treated adequately. Repeated measurement and documentation of pain is essential for adequate pain treatment. The patient determines how much analgesia is needed.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Disaster medicine education is an enormous challenge, but indispensable for disaster preparedness.
Aims: We aimed to develop and implement a disaster medicine curriculum for medical student education that can serve as a peer-reviewed, structured educational guide and resource. Additionally, the process of designing, approving and implementing such a curriculum is presented.