The DIAD Approach to Correlative Synchrotron X-ray Imaging and Diffraction Analysis of Human Enamel.

The Dual Imaging and Diffraction (DIAD) beamline at Diamond Light Source (Didcot, U.K.) implements a correlative approach to the dynamic study of materials based on concurrent analysis of identical sample locations using complementary X-ray modalities to reveal structural detail at various length scales.

Flexible positioning of a large area detector using an industrial robot.

The DIAD beamline for Dual Imaging and Diffraction at Diamond Light Source has opted to use an industrial robot to position its Dectris Pilatus 2M CdTe diffraction detector. This setup was chosen to enable flexible positioning of the detector in a quarter-sphere around the sample position whilst reliably holding the large weight of 139 kg of detector, detector mount and cabling in a stable position. Metrology measurements showed that the detector can be positioned with a linear repeatability of <19.

Beamline K11 DIAD: a new instrument for dual imaging and diffraction at Diamond Light Source.

The Dual Imaging and Diffraction (DIAD) beamline at Diamond Light Source is a new dual-beam instrument for full-field imaging/tomography and powder diffraction. This instrument provides the user community with the capability to dynamically image 2D and 3D complex structures and perform phase identification and/or strain mapping using micro-diffraction. The aim is to enable in situ and in operando experiments that require spatially correlated results from both techniques, by providing measurements from the same specimen location quasi-simultaneously.

A novel molten-salt electrochemical cell for investigating the reduction of uranium dioxide to uranium metal by lithium using in situ synchrotron radiation.

A novel electrochemical cell has been designed and built to allow for in situ energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction measurements to be made during reduction of UO to U metal in LiCl-KCl at 500°C. The electrochemical cell contains a recessed well at the bottom of the cell into which the working electrode sits, reducing the beam path for the X-rays through the molten-salt and maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio from the sample. Lithium metal was electrodeposited onto the UO working electrode by exposing the working electrode to more negative potentials than the Li deposition potential of the LiCl-KCl eutectic electrolyte.

Simultaneous Differential Scanning Calorimetry-Synchrotron X-ray Powder Diffraction: A Powerful Technique for Physical Form Characterization in Pharmaceutical Materials.

We report a powerful new technique: hyphenating synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). This is achieved with a simple modification to a standard laboratory DSC instrument, in contrast to previous reports which have involved extensive and complex modifications to a DSC to mount it in the synchrotron beam. The high-energy X-rays of the synchrotron permit the recording of powder diffraction patterns in as little as 2 s, meaning that thermally induced phase changes can be accurately quantified and additional insight on the nature of phase transitions obtained.

Phase-Contrast Micro-Computed Tomography Measurements of the Intraocular Pressure-Induced Deformation of the Porcine Lamina Cribrosa.

The lamina cribrosa (LC) is a complex mesh-like tissue in the posterior eye. Its biomechanical environment is thought to play a major role in glaucoma, the second most common cause of blindness. Due to its small size and relative inaccessibility, high-resolution measurements of LC deformation, important in characterizing LC biomechanics, are challenging.

I12: the Joint Engineering, Environment and Processing (JEEP) beamline at Diamond Light Source.

I12 is the Joint Engineering, Environmental and Processing (JEEP) beamline, constructed during Phase II of the Diamond Light Source. I12 is located on a short (5 m) straight section of the Diamond storage ring and uses a 4.2 T superconducting wiggler to provide polychromatic and monochromatic X-rays in the energy range 50-150 keV.

Flow cytometry protocols for surface and intracellular antigen analyses of neural cell types.

Flow cytometry has been extensively used to define cell populations in immunology, hematology and oncology. Here, we provide a detailed description of protocols for flow cytometric analysis of the cluster of differentiation (CD) surface antigens and intracellular antigens in neural cell types. Our step-by-step description of the methodological procedures include: the harvesting of neural in vitro cultures, an optional carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE)-labeling step, followed by surface antigen staining with conjugated CD antibodies (e.

Reliable method for calculating the center of rotation in parallel-beam tomography.

High-throughput processing of parallel-beam X-ray tomography at synchrotron facilities is lacking a reliable and robust method to determine the center of rotation in an automated fashion, i.e. without the need for a human scorer.

A novel high-temperature furnace for combined in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction and infrared thermal imaging to investigate the effects of thermal gradients upon the structure of ceramic materials.

A new technique combining in situ X-ray diffraction using synchrotron radiation and infrared thermal imaging is reported. The technique enables the application, generation and measurement of significant thermal gradients, and furthermore allows the direct spatial correlation of thermal and crystallographic measurements. The design and implementation of a novel furnace enabling the simultaneous thermal and X-ray measurements is described.

Ammonia-rich high-temperature superconducting intercalates of iron selenide revealed through time-resolved in situ X-ray and neutron diffraction.

The development of a technique for following in situ the reactions of solids with alkali metal/ammonia solutions, using time-resolved X-ray diffraction methods, reveals high-temperature superconducting ammonia-rich intercalates of iron selenide which reversibly absorb and desorb ammonia around ambient temperatures.

Complete elliptical ring geometry provides energy and instrument calibration for synchrotron-based two-dimensional X-ray diffraction.

A complete calibration method to characterize a static planar two-dimensional detector for use in X-ray diffraction at an arbitrary wavelength is described. This method is based upon geometry describing the point of intersection between a cone's axis and its elliptical conic section. This point of intersection is neither the ellipse centre nor one of the ellipse focal points, but some other point which lies in between.

Aminoacylase 1 deficiency associated with autistic behavior.

Aminoacylase 1 (ACY1) deficiency is a recently described inborn error of metabolism. Most of the patients reported so far have presented with rather heterogeneous neurologic symptoms. At this moment, it is not clear whether ACY1 deficiency represents a true metabolic disease with a causal relationship between the enzyme defect and the clinical phenotype or merely a biochemical abnormality.

Deletions and point mutations of LRRC50 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia due to dynein arm defects.

Genetic defects affecting motility of cilia and flagella cause chronic destructive airway disease, randomization of left-right body asymmetry, and, frequently, male infertility in primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). The most frequent defects involve outer and inner dynein arms (ODAs and IDAs) that are large multiprotein complexes responsible for cilia-beat generation and regulation, respectively. Here, we demonstrate that large genomic deletions, as well as point mutations involving LRRC50, are responsible for a distinct PCD variant that is characterized by a combined defect involving assembly of the ODAs and IDAs.

An improved and highly standardised transformation procedure allows efficient production of single and multiple targeted gene-knockouts in a moss, Physcomitrella patens.

The moss Physcomitrella patens is the only land plant known to date with highly efficient homologous recombination in its nuclear DNA, making it a unique model for plant functional genomics approaches. For high-throughput production of knockout plants, a robust transformation system based on polyethylene glycol-mediated transfection of protoplasts was developed and optimised. Both the DNA conformation and pre-culture of plants used for protoplast isolation significantly affected transformation efficiencies.

Hyperplastic and Tumorous Lesions of the Adrenals in an Unselected Autopsy Series.

In an unselected consecutive postmortem series, 512% of the adrenals showed cortical nodules with diameters up to 1 mm in 13%, between 1 and 2 mm in 28% and < 2 mm in 12%. In 22% of cases only one nodule was present; whereas in 15% two nodules and in 17% more than three nodules were found. A cortical adenoma was detected in 5% of cases.