Tales from three countries: reflections during COVID-19 for mathematical education in the future.

How can school mathematics prepare citizens for a democratic society? Answers to this question are not static; they change as society and its problems change. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic with its corresponding disease COVID-19 presents such a problem: what is needed to navigate this complex situation that involves, among other things, mathematics? Using the essay genre, we use three narratives from three countries-Italy, the USA (California), and Germany-to reflect on the goals of teaching mathematics during this crisis and examine aspects of each country's standards for mathematics education. These three stories are framed by the authors' backgrounds, experiences, interests, their country's situation, and response to the pandemic.

Sign Language in Light of Mathematics Education: An Exploration Within Semiotic and Embodiment Theories of Learning Mathematics.

Research rarely focuses on how deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) students address mathematical ideas. Complexities involved in using sign language (SL) in mathematics classrooms include not just challenges, but opportunities that accompany mathematics learning in this gestural-somatic medium. The authors consider DHH students primarily as learners of mathematics, and their SL use as a special case of language in the mathematics classroom.

Nasal Oxytocin Treatment Biases Dogs' Visual Attention and Emotional Response toward Positive Human Facial Expressions.

The neuropeptide oxytocin plays a critical role in social behavior and emotion regulation in mammals. The aim of this study was to explore how nasal oxytocin administration affects gazing behavior during emotional perception in domestic dogs. Looking patterns of dogs, as a measure of voluntary attention, were recorded during the viewing of human facial expression photographs.

Computer Enabled Neuroplasticity Treatment: A Clinical Trial of a Novel Design for Neurofeedback Therapy in Adult ADHD.

Background: We report a randomized controlled clinical trial of neurofeedback therapy intervention for ADHD/ADD in adults. We focus on internal mechanics of neurofeedback learning, to elucidate the primary role of cortical self-regulation in neurofeedback. We report initial results; more extensive analysis will follow.

Dogs Evaluate Threatening Facial Expressions by Their Biological Validity--Evidence from Gazing Patterns.

Appropriate response to companions' emotional signals is important for all social creatures. The emotional expressions of humans and non-human animals have analogies in their form and function, suggesting shared evolutionary roots, but very little is known about how animals other than primates view and process facial expressions. In primates, threat-related facial expressions evoke exceptional viewing patterns compared with neutral or positive stimuli.

Comparison of dogs and humans in visual scanning of social interaction.

Previous studies have demonstrated similarities in gazing behaviour of dogs and humans, but comparisons under similar conditions are rare, and little is known about dogs' visual attention to social scenes. Here, we recorded the eye gaze of dogs while they viewed images containing two humans or dogs either interacting socially or facing away: the results were compared with equivalent data measured from humans. Furthermore, we compared the gazing behaviour of two dog and two human populations with different social experiences: family and kennel dogs; dog experts and non-experts.

How dogs scan familiar and inverted faces: an eye movement study.

Faces play an important role in communication and identity recognition in social animals. Domestic dogs often respond to human facial cues, but their face processing is weakly understood. In this study, facial inversion effect (deficits in face processing when the image is turned upside down) and responses to personal familiarity were tested using eye movement tracking.

Eye movement related brain responses to emotional scenes during free viewing.

Emotional stimuli are preferentially processed over neutral stimuli. Previous studies, however, disagree on whether emotional stimuli capture attention preattentively or whether the processing advantage is dependent on allocation of attention. The present study investigated attention and emotion processes by measuring brain responses related to eye movement events while 11 participants viewed images selected from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS).

Reactivity of dogs' brain oscillations to visual stimuli measured with non-invasive electroencephalography.

Studying cognition of domestic dogs has gone through a renaissance within the last decades. However, although the behavioral studies of dogs are beginning to be common in the field of animal cognition, the neural events underlying cognition remain unknown. Here, we employed a non-invasive electroencephalography, with adhesive electrodes attached to the top of the skin, to measure brain activity of from 8 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) while they stayed still to observe photos of dog and human faces.

Visual event-related potentials of dogs: a non-invasive electroencephalography study.

Previously, social and cognitive abilities of dogs have been studied within behavioral experiments, but the neural processing underlying the cognitive events remains to be clarified. Here, we employed completely non-invasive scalp-electroencephalography in studying the neural correlates of the visual cognition of dogs. We measured visual event-related potentials (ERPs) of eight dogs while they observed images of dog and human faces presented on a computer screen.

Landmarks in nature to support wayfinding: the effects of seasons and experimental methods.

Landmarks constitute an essential basis for a structural understanding of the spatial environment. Therefore, they are crucial factors in external spatial representations such as maps and verbal route descriptions, which are used to support wayfinding. However, selecting landmarks for these representations is a difficult task, for which an understanding of how people perceive and remember landmarks in the environment is needed.

Brain oscillatory 4-35 Hz EEG responses during an n-back task with complex visual stimuli.

Brain oscillatory responses of 4-35 Hz EEG frequencies elicited during performance of a visual n-back task with complex visual stimuli were assessed in 20 adult volunteers. Spectral power changes were assessed separately for target and non-target stimuli in four different memory load conditions (0, 1, 2, and 3-back). The presentation of both target and non-target stimuli elicited long-lasting ~4-8 Hz power increases, which were more prominent at the beginning of stimulus onset during presentation of target stimuli, as compared to non-target stimuli, in the 0-back memory load condition.

Time course of the neural processing of spoken derived words: an event-related potential study.

Event-related potentials were recorded to examine the time course of the neural processing of spoken (i) existing derived words, (ii) morphologically legal, and (iii) illegal pseudowords in the Finnish language. The stimuli were matched by (complex) uniqueness/deviation points and event-related potentials were time-locked to stimulus onset and suffix onset. Illegal pseudowords elicited a larger negativity than existing words approximately 300 ms after suffix onset, suggesting a difficulty to semantically integrate morphemes.

Brain oscillatory 4-30 Hz electroencephalogram responses in adolescents during a visual memory task.

Brain oscillatory responses of the 4-30 Hz electroencephalogram frequencies were assessed in 12 adolescents (mean age 14 years) during a visual N-back task with four memory load conditions (0-back, 1-back, 2-back, and 3-back). Theta frequency range (approximately 4-6 Hz) responses were elicited in all memory load conditions. The magnitude and duration of alpha frequency range (approximately 8-12 Hz) responses varied as a function of memory load.

Neurocognitive processing of auditorily and visually presented inflected words and pseudowords: evidence from a morphologically rich language.

The aim of the study was to investigate how the input modality affects the processing of a morphologically complex word. The processing of Finnish inflected vs. monomorphemic words and pseudowords was examined during a lexical decision task, using behavioral responses and event-related potentials.

Event-related potential (ERP) responses to violations of inflectional and derivational rules of Finnish.

Event-related potentials (ERP) were used to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of inflectional and derivational morphology. The participants were presented with visual sentences containing critical words in which either inflectional, derivational or both rules (combined violation) of Finnish were violated. Inflectional anomalies violated a number agreement of a noun with a previous auxiliary word.

Composition of brain oscillations and their functions in the maintenance of auditory, visual and audio-visual speech percepts: an exploratory study.

In the present exploratory study based on 7 subjects, we examined the composition of magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain oscillations induced by the presentation of an auditory, visual, and audio-visual stimulus (a talking face) using an oddball paradigm. The composition of brain oscillations were assessed here by analyzing the probability-classification of short-term MEG spectral patterns. The probability index for particular brain oscillations being elicited was dependent on the type and the modality of the sensory percept.

Brain oscillatory EEG event-related desynchronization (ERD) and -sychronization (ERS) responses during an auditory memory task are altered in children with epilepsy.

Purpose: Children with epilepsy are in risk for cognitive impairment, but reliable methods, other than neuropsychological testing, to verify such a decline are few. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of infrequent seizures on cognitive skills in children with non-symptomatic focal epilepsy taking antiepileptic medication but still having infrequent seizures.

Methods: EEG (electroencephalogram) brain electric oscillatory responses of the 4-6Hz, 6-8Hz, 8-10Hz and 10-12Hz EEG frequency bands were studied.

Electrophysiological correlates of memory processing in early Finnish-Swedish bilinguals.

Event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) of the 1-30 EEG frequencies were studied in eight early Finnish-Swedish bilinguals during an auditory bilingual Sternberg memory task using Finnish-Swedish cognates as stimuli. Only subtle differences between languages were expected, since cognates have been assumed to have shared conceptual representations in the bilingual memory. Encoding elicited theta and alpha frequency ERS and beta frequency ERD responses in both languages.

Brain oscillatory responses during the different stages of an auditory memory search task in children.

We assessed brain oscillatory responses of the 4-30 Hz electroencephalographic frequency bands in children (mean age 13 years) during the different stages of an auditory memory search, namely the encoding of four words and recognition of the positive and negative probe words. In children, theta (approximately 4-6 Hz) electroencephalographic responses during recognition were of greater magnitude than those during encoding and alpha (approximately 8-12 Hz) event-related synchronization responses during encoding increased with increasing memory load. During recognition, greater magnitude alpha and beta (>12 Hz) event-related desynchronization responses were observed during the presentation of the positive probe as compared with the negative.

Brain oscillatory 4-30 Hz responses during a visual n-back memory task with varying memory load.

Brain oscillatory responses of 4-30 Hz EEG frequencies elicited during the performance of a visual n-back task were examined in 36 adult volunteers. Event-related desynchronization (ERD) and event-related synchronization (ERS) responses were examined separately for targets and non-targets in four different memory load conditions (0-, 1-, 2- and 3-back). The presentation of all stimuli in all memory load conditions elicited long-lasting theta frequency (approximately 4-6 Hz) ERS responses which were of greater magnitude for the target stimuli as compared to the non-target stimuli.

Effects of pulsed and continuous wave 902 MHz mobile phone exposure on brain oscillatory activity during cognitive processing.

The aim of the current double-blind studies was to partially replicate the studies by Krause et al. [2000ab, 2004] and to further investigate the possible effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones (MP) on the event-related desynchronisation/synchronisation (ERD/ERS) EEG (electroencephalogram) responses during cognitive processing. Two groups, both consisting of 36 male participants, were recruited.

Cognition- and memory-related ERD/ERS responses in the auditory stimulus modality.

In the year 1994, Krause et al. published an initial report of acoustically elicited electroencephalogram (EEG) event-related desynchronization (ERD)/ event-related synchronization (ERS) responses. Later, Krause et al.

Modality matters: the effects of stimulus modality on the 4- to 30-Hz brain electric oscillations during a lexical decision task.

The aim of the current study was to assess modality-specific brain oscillatory responses during cognitive processing. Brain oscillatory ERD/ERS responses of the 4- to 30-Hz EEG frequency bands were examined during lexical decision where the task is to identify whether the presented stimulus is a word or a pseudoword. Seven subjects performed the task with visual stimuli and twelve subjects with auditory stimuli.

Mobile phone effects on children's event-related oscillatory EEG during an auditory memory task.

Purpose: To assess the effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted by mobile phones (MP) on the 1 - 20 Hz event-related brain oscillatory EEG (electroencephalogram) responses in children performing an auditory memory task (encoding and recognition).

Materials And Methods: EEG data were gathered while 15 subjects (age 10 - 14 years) performed an auditory memory task both with and without exposure to a digital 902 MHz MP in counterbalanced order.

Results: During memory encoding, the active MP modulated the event-related desynchronization/synchronization (ERD/ERS) responses in the approximately 4 - 8 Hz EEG frequencies.