Primary urothelial carcinoma of the ureter without concurrent renal pelvic or bladder carcinoma: A contemporary clinicopathologic analysis.

Primary urothelial carcinoma (UCa) of the ureter is relatively uncommon, comprising less than 10% of all urinary tract tumors. Typically, ureteral UCa is found in association with other urinary tract tumors, such as renal pelvic or bladder UCa, making it challenging to analyze the clinicopathologic features in isolation. With only a few small case series and case reports available, our understanding of primary ureteral UCa is limited.

The Revolution in Medical Education.

Medical education has been gradually evolving for hundreds of years, but educators are now seeking to identify ways to prepare students for the future of health care delivery. Medical education reform today focuses on creating entirely new models and is moving away from the traditional, post-Flexnerian organization of the medical school curriculum. Content is now being integrated thematically and presented along interdisciplinary lines with an interdigitation of basic and clinical sciences across all four years.

A Breast Tissue Protein Expression Profile Contributing to Early Parity-Induced Protection Against Breast Cancer.

Background/aims: Early parity reduces breast cancer risk, whereas, late parity and nulliparity increase breast cancer risk. Despite substantial efforts to understand the protective effects of early parity, the precise molecular circuitry responsible for these changes is not yet fully defined.

Methods: Here, we have conducted the first study assessing protein expression profiles in normal breast tissue of healthy early parous, late parous, and nulliparous women.

Extensive and divergent effects of sleep and wakefulness on brain gene expression.

Sleep is present in all species where it has been studied, but its functions remain unknown. To investigate what benefits sleep may bring at the cellular level, we profiled gene expression in awake and sleeping rats by using high-density microarrays. We find that approximately 10% of the transcripts in the cerebral cortex change their expression between day and night and demonstrate that half of them are modulated by sleep and wakefulness independent of time of day.