Enhanced effectiveness of tocotrienol-based nano-emulsified system for topical delivery against skin carcinomas.

The potent anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic actions of tocotrienols (T3) against cancer, but not normal tissues, have been hampered by their limited systemic bioavailabilty. Recent expansive development of diverse nanoemulsion (NE) vehicles emphasized their vast potential to improve the effective dosing of different clinical and experimental drugs of lipophilic nature, such as T3. The emphasis of the present work is to develop a pharmaceutically scalable, low-energy nano-emulsification approach for optimized incorporation of T3-rich palm oil (Tocomin®), possessing anticancer activity as a potential cutaneous delivery platform for adjunctive therapy of skin carcinomas, either alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents.

CIP75 (connexin43-interacting protein of 75 kDa) mediates the endoplasmic reticulum dislocation of connexin43.

Gap junctions are intercellular channels that comprise connexin proteins such as Cx43 (connexin43). The level of gap junctional intercellular communication can be regulated by Cx43 turnover mediated through various degradation pathways. The UbL (ubiquitin-like) domain-UBA (ubiquitin-associated) domain protein, CIP75 (connexin43-interacting protein of 75 kDa), regulates the proteasomal degradation of Cx43.