Substrate influences ecophysiological performance of tree seedlings.

Unfavourable soil conditions frequently limit tree regeneration in mountain forests on calcareous bedrock. Rocky, shallow organic soils on dolomite pose a particular problem for tree regeneration due to commonly restricted water and nutrient supplies. Moreover, an often dense layer of understorey vegetation competes for the limited resources available.

Clinical and radiographic results of endoscopic injection for vesicoureteral reflux: defining measures of success.

Objective: Criteria for success following endoscopic vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) surgery vary greatly. We sought to define outcomes based on radiographic and long-term clinical follow up.

Methods: We reviewed the charts and interviewed parents of children who underwent endoscopic treatment for primary VUR (grades I-IV).

Antenatal hydronephrosis: trends and management.

Hydronephrosis is the dilatation of the collecting system of the kidney. Prenatal ultrasound has significantly increased the detection rate for fetal abnormalities during the past 20 years. The wide range of management and treatment options for antenatal hydronephrosis often leave health care providers and families with questions about the appropriateness of referral to a pediatric urologist and the need for postnatal screening.