The prognostic relevance of donor-specific antibodies in facial transplantation - A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Little is known about the prognostic relevance of donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) and C4d tissue deposition for acute and chronic rejection in facial vascularized composite allotransplantation.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of nine face transplant patients. Outcome measures, such as DSA positivity, were determined by the local tissue typing laboratory, whereas C4d deposition was assessed by immunostaining.

The role of C4d and donor specific antibodies in face and hand transplantation-a systematic review.

To date, little is known about the mechanisms of rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation, particularly for antibody mediated rejection. Additionally, no clear guidelines exist for the diagnosis and management of antibody-mediated rejection in vascularized composite allotransplantation. A systematic review of electronic databases (Embase and PubMed) was conducted to evaluate the relationship of donor specific antibodies and C4d deposition in correlation with cellular rejection following hand and face transplantation reported by centers between 1998 and July 2023.