Analyzing water hyacinth plants from two South African rivers for the detection of seven pharmaceuticals and their metabolites.

Water hyacinth plants (Eichhornia crassipes Mart.) collected from two South African rivers were analyzed in order to investigate their suitability for judging the presence of pharmaceuticals in the water. Thereby, a number of drugs, including amitriptyline, atenolol, citalopram, orphenadrine, lidocaine, telmisartan, and tramadol, could be detected.

Uptake, translocation, and metabolization of amitriptyline, lidocaine, orphenadrine, and tramadol by cress and pea.

The uptake, translocation, and metabolization of four widely used drugs, amitriptyline, orphenadrine, lidocaine, and tramadol, were investigated in a laboratory study. Cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L.

Uptake and metabolization of four sartan drugs by eight different plants: Targeted and untargeted analyses by HPLC-drift-tube-ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In this study, we investigated the uptake and metabolization of four drugs (plus the associated prodrugs) from the sartan family by eight edible plants. Growing the plants hydroponically in a medium containing the respective drug, more than 40 phases I and II metabolites derived from the four sartan drugs could be tentatively identified. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed analytical approach for actual environmental samples, garden cress (Lepidium sativum) selected as a model plant was grown in water drawn from the effluent of two local wastewater treatment plants.

Uptake and bio-transformation of telmisartan by cress (Lepidium sativum) from sewage treatment plant effluents using high-performance liquid chromatography/drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In the present study, the uptake and metabolization of the sartan drug telmisartan by a series of plants was investigated. Thereby for seven potential metabolites, modifications on the telmisartan molecule such as hydroxylation and/or glycosylation could be tentatively identified. For two additional signals detected at accurate masses m/z 777.

A fast-screening approach for the tentative identification of drug-related metabolites from three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in hydroponically grown edible plants by HPLC-drift-tube-ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The (tentative) identification of unknown drug-related phase II metabolites in plants upon drug uptake remains a challenging task despite improved analytical instrument performance. To broaden the knowledge of possible drug metabolization, a fast-screening approach for the tentative identification of drug-related phase II metabolites is presented in this work. Therefore, an in silico database for the three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, and naproxen) and a sub-group of their theoretical phase II metabolites (based on combinations with glucose, glucuronic acid, and malonic acid) was created.

Time study on the uptake of four different beta-blockers in garden cress (Lepidium sativum) as a model plant.

The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake of four beta-blockers by the model plant Lepidium sativum (garden cress) and their possible metabolization over a time period of 8 days. Therefore, cress was grown hydroponically in tap water for a week until they were matured, following irrigation with drug-containing water over the course of another 8 days. Samples were taken at days 1, 2, 4, and 8 after irrigation started.

A new analytical workflow using HPLC with drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry for the detection of drug-related metabolites in plants.

Investigations into the interaction of xenobiotics with plants (and in particular edible plants) have gained substantial interest, as water scarcity due to climate-change-related droughts requires the more frequent use of reclaimed wastewaters for irrigation in agriculture. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are common contaminants found in wastewater treatment plant effluents. For this reason, the interaction of nine edible plants with diclofenac (DCF), a widely used representative of this group of drugs, was investigated.

Investigations on the uptake and transformation of sunscreen ingredients in duckweed (Lemna gibba) and Cyperus alternifolius using high-performance liquid chromatography drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

The uptake, translocation and transformation of three UV-blockers commonly employed in sunscreens, namely avobenzone, octocrylene and octisalate from water by Lemna gibba and Cyperus alternifolius was investigated. Reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled to drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used for analyzing the extracts from the selected plants after incubation with the UV-blockers for one week. For avobenzone several transformation products resulting from hydroxylation, demethylation and oxidation of the parent molecule could be identified by measuring accurate mass, performing MS/MS experiments and by determining their drift-tube collision cross sections employing nitrogen as drift gas.

High-performance liquid chromatography drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry for the identity confirmation and characterization of metabolites from three statins (lipid-lowering drugs) in the model plant cress (Lepidium sativum) after uptake from water.

This work describes the metabolization of three different statins (lipid-lowering drugs) namely Atorvastatin, Fluvastatin and Simvastatin in the model plant cress (Lepidium sativum) after uptake from the growing medium. Analyzing plant extracts with HPLC hyphenated with a drift-tube ion-mobility quadrupole time-of-flight / mass spectrometer allowed the identity confirmation of more than 45 metabolites, resulting from oxidation/dehydrogenation, dehydration or hydroxylation of the parent drug or conjugation with amino acids and sugars. Metabolites were characterized by their retention times, m/z ratios, fragmentation patterns in MS/MS experiments, and their collision cross sections.

Uptake and metabolism of the antidepressants sertraline, clomipramine, and trazodone in a garden cress (Lepidium sativum) model.

Environmental contamination with pharmaceuticals has received growing attention in recent years. Several studies describe the presence of traces of drugs in water bodies and soils and their impacts on nontarget organisms including plants. Due to these facts investigations of the uptake and metabolism of pharmaceuticals in organisms is an emerging research area.

Insights into the uptake, metabolization, and translocation of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cress (Lepidium sativum) by HPLC-MS.

The metabolization of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs by cress (Lepidium sativum) was investigated using a HPLC-MS method. Cress was grown hydroponically in water containing 0.1 mg/L of each drug for investigations on the kinetics of drug uptake and metabolization over a growing period of 12 days.

High-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry analysis of the parent drugs and their metabolites in extracts from cress (Lepidium sativum) grown hydroponically in water containing four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In this paper the metabolism of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, (ketoprofen, mefenamic acid, naproxen, and diclofenac) by cress (Lepidium sativum) is described. Cress was cultivated hydroponically in water spiked with the parent drugs at levels ranging from 0.01mgL to 1mgL.

Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry.

The term nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE) commonly refers to capillary electrophoresis with purely nonaqueous background electrolytes (BGE). Main advantages of NACE are the possibility to analyze substances with very low solubility in aqueous media as well as separation selectivity that can be quite different in organic solvents (compared to water)-a property that can be employed for manipulation of separation selectivities. Mass spectrometry (MS) has become more and more popular as a detector in CE a fact that applies also for NACE.

Advances in the determination of hindered amine light stabilizers - A review.

Within this paper we discuss analytical strategies for the characterization and quantitation of hindered amine light stabilizers (HALS) an important sub-group of polymer additives. For the determination of monomeric HALS a range of mature and reliable techniques exists, allowing their determination in polymer extracts. If qualitative or semi-quantitative information suffices, certain techniques are capable of sampling directly from the polymer surface with limited or no sample preparation.

Analysis of saccharides in beverages by HPLC with direct UV detection.

The present study demonstrates the suitability of direct UV detection for saccharide analysis in HPLC. Under highly alkaline conditions, the non-UV absorbing saccharides are converted by a photo-initiated chemical reaction in the detection cell into malonenolate, which can be detected at 266 nm. A straightforward method for such direct UV detection of saccharides after their separation by anion-exchange chromatography was developed and successfully applied to several beverage samples.

Direct ionization methods in mass spectrometry: An overview.

Within this paper a sub-group of ambient ionization mass spectrometry namely direct ionization mass spectrometry techniques are reviewed. They are characterized by the generation of an electrospray directly from the sample investigated. Prominent representatives include paper spray mass spectrometry, tissue spray mass spectrometry, probe electrospray ionization or thin-layer chromatography mass spectrometry.

Identification and semi-quantitative determination of anti-oxidants in lubricants employing thin-layer chromatography-spray mass spectrometry.

A quick and simple method for identification and semi-quantitative determination of nine antioxidants commonly used in lubricants is presented. A dual step thin-layer chromatography (TLC) separation, removes in a first step the oil matrix whereas in a second step the antioxidants are separated. Cutting the spots out of the TLC-plate in the form of triangles allows direct-spray mass spectrometric (MS) measurements, providing MS and MS(n) spectra (if an appropriate MS instrument is employed) of the antioxidants, allowing their identification but also giving information about potential oxidation or degradation of these additives.

Using sheath-liquid reagents for capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: application to the analysis of phenolic plant extracts.

The combination of CE and MS is now a widely used tool that can provide a combination of high resolution separations with detailed structural information. Recently, we highlighted the benefits of an approach to add further functionality to this well-established hyphenated technique, namely the possibility to perform chemical reactions within the sheath-liquid of the CE-MS interface . Apart from using hydrogen/deuterium exchange for online determination of numbers of exchangeable protons, the addition of DPPH• (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) to the sheath-liquid can be used as a fast screening tool for studying antioxidant characteristics of individual components.

Quantitative analysis of hindered amine light stabilizers by CZE with UV detection and quadrupole TOF mass spectrometric detection.

The current work describes the development of a CZE method with quadrupole QTOF-MS detection and UV detection for the quantitation of Cyasorb 3529, a common hindered amine light stabilizer (HALS), in polymer materials. Analysis of real polymer samples revealed that the oligomer composition of Cyasorb 3529 changes during processing, a fact hampering the development of a straightforward method for quantitation based on calibration with a Cyasorb 3529 standard. To overcome this obstacle in-depth investigations of the oligomer composition of this HALS using QTOF-MS and QTOF-MS/MS had to be performed whereby 22 new oligomer structures, in addition to the ten structures already described, were identified.

Addition of reagents to the sheath liquid: a novel concept in capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry.

Conventional coupling of capillary electrophoresis with electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry typically relies on the use of a triaxial sheath-flow liquid interface to facilitate electrical contact and provide a stable electrospray. In this type of analysis, the use of additives in the sheath liquid itself can also be used to improve ionisation of analytes and even facilitate reactions between separation and detection steps (which we broadly term "sheath-flow chemistry"). In the present work, this concept is demonstrated using two types of sheath-flow reactions for CE coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) MS detection.

High-throughput quantification of stabilizers in polymeric materials by flow injection tandem mass spectrometry.

Rationale: High-throughput methods for identification and quantification of stabilizers in plastic materials are of significant importance in order to evaluate the suitability of materials of unknown origin for specific application areas, to clarify reasons for failure of materials, or for comparison of materials from different sources.

Methods: In the present study, a highly sensitive and rapid flow injection method coupled to selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (MS) for comprehensive analysis of 21 polymer stabilizers in polyolefins is demonstrated. A critical factor for this approach is the choice of ionization mode, as no separation was performed prior to MS detection.

Thin layer chromatography-spray mass spectrometry: a method for easy identification of synthesis products and UV filters from TLC aluminum foils.

A straightforward procedure for direct mass spectrometric (MS) analysis of spots from thin layer chromatography (TLC) plates, without the need of an external ion source, was developed using the aluminum plate backing as spray tip. The spots were cut out shaped as a tip with a 60° angle, mounted in front of the MS orifice, and after addition of a spray solvent spectra were obtained immediately. A high-resolution time-of-flight MS was used since the method is of particular interest for rapid identification or confirmation of spots from TLC plates.