Discipline and punishment in panoptical public goods games.

In Public Goods Games (PGG), the temptation to free-ride on others' contributions poses a significant threat to the sustainability of cooperative societies. Therefore, societies strive to mitigate this through incentive systems, employing rewards and punishments to foster cooperative behavior. Thus, peer punishment, in which cooperators sanction defectors, as well as pool punishment, where a centralized punishment institution executes the punishment, is deeply analyzed in previous works.

Intergenerational sex and early sexual debut are associated with HIV infection among transgender women in Paraguay.

Introduction: HIV prevalence among transgender women is high worldwide. The objectives of the present study were to estimate the current prevalence of HIV and identify factors associated with high HIV burden among transgender women in Paraguay.

Methods: Transgender women aged ≥15 years in four regions of Paraguay were recruited by Starfish sampling between February and March 2021.

SIR-SI model with a Gaussian transmission rate: Understanding the dynamics of dengue outbreaks in Lima, Peru.

Introduction: Dengue is transmitted by the Aedes aegypti mosquito as a vector, and a recent outbreak was reported in several districts of Lima, Peru. We conducted a modeling study to explain the transmission dynamics of dengue in three of these districts according to the demographics and climatology.

Methodology: We used the weekly distribution of dengue cases in the Comas, Lurigancho, and Puente Piedra districts, as well as the temperature data to investigate the transmission dynamics.

HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among men who have sex with men in three regions of Paraguay, 2020.

Background: Our study aimed to measure HIV prevalence and associated risk factors among men who have sex with men (MSM) in three regions of Paraguay in 2020.

Methods: MSM were recruited for cross-sectional surveys in three regions of Paraguay using respondent-driven sampling. Interview were conducted face-to-face to collect demographic characteristics and risk and preventive behaviors.

Measuring Interactions in Categorical Datasets Using Multivariate Symmetrical Uncertainty.

Interaction between variables is often found in statistical models, and it is usually expressed in the model as an additional term when the variables are numeric. However, when the variables are categorical (also known as nominal or qualitative) or mixed numerical-categorical, defining, detecting, and measuring interactions is not a simple task. In this work, based on an entropy-based correlation measure for nominal variables (named as Multivariate Symmetrical Uncertainty (MSU)), we propose a formal and broader definition for the interaction of the variables.

A class of fast-slow models for adaptive resistance evolution.

Resistance to insecticide is considered nowadays one of the major threats to insect control, as its occurrence reduces drastically the efficiency of chemical control campaigns, and may also perturb the application of other control methods, like biological and genetic control. In order to account for the emergence and spread of such phenomenon as an effect of exposition to larvicide and/or adulticide, we develop in this paper a general time-continuous population model with two life phases, subsequently simplified through slow manifold theory. The derived models present density-dependent recruitment and mortality rates in a non-conventional way.

Distribution of torsional stress between the un-replicated and replicated regions in partially replicated molecules.

DNA topology changes continuously as replication proceeds. Unwinding of the DNA duplex by helicases is favored by negative supercoiling but it causes the progressive accumulation of positive supercoiling ahead of the fork. This torsional stress must be removed for the fork to keep advancing.

Direct Evidence for the Formation of Precatenanes during DNA Replication.

The dynamics of DNA topology during replication are still poorly understood. Bacterial plasmids are negatively supercoiled. This underwinding facilitates strand separation of the DNA duplex during replication.

Electrophoretic mobility of supercoiled, catenated and knotted DNA molecules.

We systematically varied conditions of two-dimensional (2D) agarose gel electrophoresis to optimize separation of DNA topoisomers that differ either by the extent of knotting, the extent of catenation or the extent of supercoiling. To this aim we compared electrophoretic behavior of three different families of DNA topoisomers: (i) supercoiled DNA molecules, where supercoiling covered the range extending from covalently closed relaxed up to naturally supercoiled DNA molecules; (ii) postreplicative catenanes with catenation number increasing from 1 to ∼15, where both catenated rings were nicked; (iii) knotted but nicked DNA molecules with a naturally arising spectrum of knots. For better comparison, we studied topoisomer families where each member had the same total molecular mass.