Greener reactants, renewable energies and environmental impact mitigation strategies in pyrometallurgical processes: A review.

Abstract: Metals and alloys are among the most technologically important materials for our industrialized societies. They are the most common structural materials used in cars, airplanes and buildings, and constitute the technological core of most electronic devices. They allow the transportation of energy over great distances and are exploited in critical parts of renewable energy technologies.

Viscosity models for ionic liquids and their mixtures.

As the field of ionic liquids matures to more industrially implemented applications, robust models of their physico-chemical properties become necessary for process optimization. Viscosity is a particularly difficult property to model since there is no generally accepted theory for the viscosity of liquids. This paper aims to review the viscosity models developed or adapted to ionic liquids and their mixtures that are available in the literature.

Solid-Liquid Equilibria for Hexafluorophosphate-Based Ionic Liquid Quaternary Mixtures and Their Corresponding Subsystems.

The present work describes an experimental study and the thermodynamic modeling for the solid-liquid phase diagram of an ionic liquid quaternary system constituted by hexafluorophosphate ([PF]) as the common anion and by 1-methyl-3-propylimidazolium ([Cmim]), 1-methyl-1-propylpyrrolidinium ([Cmpyrr]), 1-methyl-3-propylpyridinium ([Cmpy]), or 1-methyl-1-propylpiperidinium ([Cmpip]) as the cations. The Modified Quasichemical Model was used to model the liquid solution, and the Compound Energy Formalism was used for the relevant solid solutions. The liquidus projections of the four ternary subsystems (1) [Cmim][PF]-[Cmpip][PF]-[Cmpyrr][PF], (2) [Cmpy][PF]-[Cmpip][PF]-[Cmpyrr][PF], (3) [Cmpip][PF]-[Cmpy][PF]-[Cmim][PF], and (4) [Cmpyrr][PF]-[Cmpy][PF]-[Cmim][PF] were predicted using a standard symmetric (for systems 3 and 4) or asymmetric (for systems 1 and 2) interpolation method.

Solid-liquid equilibria for a pyrrolidinium-based common-cation ternary ionic liquid system, and for a pyridinium-based ternary reciprocal ionic liquid system: an experimental study and a thermodynamic model.

The present paper describes an experimental study and a thermodynamic model for the phase diagrams of the common-cation ternary system [CMPyrr]Cl-[CMPyrr]Br-[CMPyrr]BF (where [CMPyrr] refers to 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium) and of the ternary reciprocal system [CPy], [CPy]‖Cl, Br (where [CPy] refers to 1-alkyl-pyridinium). Phase equilibria were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for two isoplethal sections in the common-cation pyrrolidinium-based ternary system. Phase diagram measurements were recently performed for the four common-ion binary subsystems and the two diagonal sections in the pyridinium-based ternary reciprocal system.