Accurate image-based identification of macroinvertebrate specimens using deep learning-How much training data is needed?

Image-based methods for species identification offer cost-efficient solutions for biomonitoring. This is particularly relevant for invertebrate studies, where bulk samples often represent insurmountable workloads for sorting, identifying, and counting individual specimens. On the other hand, image-based classification using deep learning tools have strict requirements for the amount of training data, which is often a limiting factor.

Vulnerability of Aquatic Insect Species to Insecticides, Depending on Their Flight Period and Adult Life Span.

Effects of insecticides on terrestrial adult life stages of otherwise aquatic insects, such as mayflies (Ephemeroptera), stoneflies (Plecoptera), and caddisflies (Trichoptera), are largely unknown. In the present study, a risk model was used to pinpoint the species most likely to experience effects due to spray drift exposure during the adult life stage. Using data from an earlier case study with lambda-cyhalothrin, 6 species with different life cycle traits were used to explore how life cycle characteristics may influence vulnerability.

Terrestrial adult stages of freshwater insects are sensitive to insecticides.

Terrestrial adult stages of freshwater insects may be exposed to pesticides by wind drift, over-spray, contact or feeding. However, studies addressing insecticide effects on freshwater invertebrates focus primarily on the impact of pesticides reaching the streams and potentially harming the aquatic juvenile stages. This is also reflected in the current risk assessment procedures, which do not include testing of adult freshwater insects.

Effects on hawthorn the year after simulated spray drift.

This paper describes the effect of a herbicide applied at levels consistent with off target movement on hawthorn the year following exposure. In the experiment, metsulfuron-methyl was applied in five dosages to individual trees in seven different hawthorn hedgerows. Spraying was conducted both at the bud stage and at the early flowering.

Metsulfuron spray drift reduces fruit yield of hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna L.).

This study was carried out to investigate whether spray drift of metsulfuron has a potential to negatively affect hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) hedgerows near agricultural fields. For this purpose four doses of metsulfuron ranging from 5% to 40% of the field dose (4 g metsulfuron per hectare) were sprayed on trees in seven different hawthorn hedgerows. The actual deposition on the leaves was measured by means of a tracer (glycine).

Toxicity of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds to red clover (Trifolium pratense), ryegrass (Lolium perenne), and mustard (Sinapsis alba).

The effect of eight polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on the seed emergence and early life-stage growth of three terrestrial plants (Sinapsis alba, Trifolium pratense and Lolium perenne) were studied in a greenhouse, using a Danish agricultural soil with an organic carbon content of 1.6%. After three weeks of exposure, seed emergence and seedling weight (fresh weight and dry weight) were determined.

Comparison of the toxicity of dimethoate and cypermethrin in the laboratory and the field when applying the same bioassay.

The present paper studies the relationship between laboratory- and field-based survival data of beetle larvae sprayed with either dimethoate or cypermethrin. The comparison for dimethoate was based on an earlier constructed pesticide-effect model derived from greenhouse data. To predict field effects, the model was supplied with field data for temperatures, the insecticide concentrations on the plants, and the control mortality rate of the beetles.

Global solar radiation as the factor controlling induction of diapause in the pod midge (Dasyneura brassicae Winn.).

In this paper we examine the hypothesis that diapause induction in the polyvoltine pod midge Dasyneura brassicae Winn. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) is controlled by cumulative global solar radiation during the larval stage. The correlation between field observations of relative diapause for 3 years and four environmental factors (daylength, temperature, cumulative daylight time, and cumulative global solar radiation) was investigated.