Consistency and source specificity of symptom ratings for Child and Adolescent Behavior Inventory Scales with mother, father, and teacher ratings of Spanish children.

The study determined consistency relative to a reference source (convergent validity for nonreference sources with a reference source) and specificity for nonreference sources in true score variance in (CABI) ADHD-inattentive (IN), ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), limited prosocial emotions (LPE), depression, anxiety, academic impairment, and social impairment scale scores. A multiple indicator by single trait by correlated (methods-1) model with indicator-specific trait factors was used to evaluate CABI scale scores with mother, father, and teacher ratings of 2,142 Spanish children (49.49% girls; ages 8-13).

On the Meaning of the " Factor" in Symmetrical Bifactor Models of Psychopathology: Recommendations for Future Research From the Bifactor-(-1) Perspective.

Symmetrical bifactor models are frequently applied to diverse symptoms of psychopathology to identify a general factor. This factor is assumed to mark shared liability across all psychopathology dimensions and mental disorders. Despite their popularity, however, symmetrical bifactor models of often yield anomalous results, including but not limited to nonsignificant or negative specific factor variances and nonsignificant or negative factor loadings.

Do method effects generalize across traits (and what if they don't)?

Objective: Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) data can be analyzed with single-indicator confirmatory factor analysis (CFA-MTMM) models. Most single-indicator CFA-MTMM models imply-but do not allow testing-the restrictive assumption that method biases generalize (correlate) perfectly across different traits for a given method.

Method: To examine the validity of this assumption, we identified and reviewed 20 published applications of multiple-indicator CFA-MTMM models, which allow testing this assumption.

The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire: An examination of factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity using multitrait-multirater data.

This study examined the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of scores on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), a tool for screening children's psychological adjustment. Data were collected from a community sample of 346 children (46% girls, age = 54.07 months), using teacher, mother, and father reports.

Correction to: Promises and Pitfalls of Latent Variable Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology: Reply to Burke and Johnston, Eid, Junghänel and Colleagues, and Willoughby.

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake. The supplementary material was not captured to our commentary article.

Promises and Pitfalls of Latent Variable Approaches to Understanding Psychopathology: Reply to Burke and Johnston, Eid, Junghänel and Colleagues, and Willoughby.

The commentaries by Burke and Johnston (this issue), Eid (this issue), Junghänel et al. (this issue), and Willoughby (this issue) on Burns et al. (this issue) provide useful context for comparing three latent variable modeling approaches to understanding psychopathology-the correlated first-order syndrome-specific factors model, the bifactor S - 1 model, and the symmetrical bifactor model.

Application of the Bifactor S - 1 Model to Multisource Ratings of ADHD/ODD Symptoms: an Appropriate Bifactor Model for Symptom Ratings.

The symmetrical bifactor model is often applied to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-hyperactive/impulsive (HI), ADHD-inattentive (IN), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms, but this model frequently yields anomalous or inadmissible results. An alternative model, the bifactor S - 1 model, is more appropriate for examining the hierarchical structure of ADHD/ODD symptoms. Both models were applied to ADHD-HI, ADHD-IN, and ODD symptom ratings by mothers, fathers, and teachers for 2142 Spanish children (49.

The importance of face-to-face contact and reciprocal relationships and their associations with depressive symptoms and life satisfaction.

Objective: The current study aimed to examine how patterns of interpersonal relational contexts (e.g., face-to-face or technology-based) and processes (e.

Are Sluggish Cognitive Tempo, ADHD, and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Trait- or State-Like Constructs from Prekindergarten to Fourth Grade?

The objective was to determine the proportion of trait (consistency across occasions) and occasion-specific variance in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom ratings. A single trait factor-multiple state factors model was applied to parent ratings of SCT, ADHD-IN, ADHD-HI, and ODD symptoms for 978 children (50% female) across prekindergarten ( = 4.90 years), kindergarten ( = 6.

Examining Quadratic Relationships Between Traits and Methods in Two Multitrait-Multimethod Models.

Multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) analysis is one of the most frequently employed methods to examine the validity of psychological measures. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) is a commonly used analytic tool for examining MTMM data through the specification of trait and method latent variables. Most contemporary CFA-MTMM models either do not allow estimating correlations between the trait and method factors or they are restricted to linear trait-method relationships.

A latent state-trait model for analyzing states, traits, situations, method effects, and their interactions.

Objective: Studies on situation and Person × Situation interaction effects often use only one method of measurement, so that the extent to which the effects may be method-specific cannot be determined. We introduce a new multimethod latent state-trait model for random and fixed situations (MM-LST-RF), which allows examining person, situation, and Person × Situation interaction effects in the context of multimethod measurement designs (e.g.

Specific PTSD symptom clusters mediate the association of military sexual trauma severity and sexual function and satisfaction in female service members/veterans.

Background: Sexual satisfaction and function are vastly understudied in female service members/veterans (SM/Vs). Military sexual trauma (MST) is associated with poorer sexual satisfaction and function, but the mechanism through which MST relates to sexual satisfaction and function is unknown. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is one of the most frequent diagnoses following MST, and those with poorer sexual satisfaction and function experience higher PTSD symptoms, particularly numbing and anhedonia symptom clusters.

Consistency of Limited Prosocial Emotions Across Occasions, Sources, and Settings: Trait- or State-Like Construct in a Young Community Sample?

Limited prosocial emotions (LPE, also referred to as callous-unemotional [CU] traits) are considered to reflect a more trait- than state-like construct. Our first objective was to determine the amount true score variance in CU/LPE that was consistent (trait consistency) over two occasions (12-month interval) of measurement versus specific (occasion-specificity) to each occasion. Our second objective was to determine the convergent validity of the consistent (trait) and occasion-specific (state) variance in CU/LPE symptom ratings within and across settings.

How Consistent Is Sluggish Cognitive Tempo Across Occasions, Sources, and Settings? Evidence From Latent State-Trait Modeling.

Research has yet to determine how much of the variance in sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptom ratings is consistent across occasions, sources, and settings versus specific to occasion, source, and setting. Our first objective was to determine the amount of variance in SCT ratings that was consistent ( trait consistency) across three occasions of measurement over 12 months versus specific to the occasion ( occasion-specificity) with ratings by mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and secondary teachers of 811 Spanish children. Our second objective was then to determine the convergent validity for trait consistency and occasion-specificity variance components within and across settings.

A Multimethod Latent State-Trait Model for Structurally Different And Interchangeable Methods.

A new multiple indicator multilevel latent state-trait (LST) model for the analysis of multitrait-multimethod-multioccasion (MTMM-MO) data is proposed. The LST-COM model combines current CFA-MTMM modeling approaches of interchangeable and structurally different methods and LST modeling approaches. The model enables researchers to specify construct and method factors on the level of time-stable (trait) as well as time-variable (occasion-specific) latent variables and analyze the convergent and discriminant validity among different rater groups across time.

Anomalous results in G-factor models: Explanations and alternatives.

G-factor models such as the bifactor model and the hierarchical G-factor model are increasingly applied in psychology. Many applications of these models have produced anomalous and unexpected results that are often not in line with the theoretical assumptions on which these applications are based. Examples of such anomalous results are vanishing specific factors and irregular loading patterns.

Using Multigroup-Multiphase Latent State-Trait Models to Study Treatment-Induced Changes in Intra-Individual State Variability: An Application to Smokers' Affect.

Sometimes, researchers are interested in whether an intervention, experimental manipulation, or other treatment causes changes in intra-individual state variability. The authors show how multigroup-multiphase latent state-trait (MG-MP-LST) models can be used to examine treatment effects with regard to both mean differences and differences in state variability. The approach is illustrated based on a randomized controlled trial in which N = 338 smokers were randomly assigned to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) vs.

Trait and state variance in oppositional defiant disorder symptoms: A multi-source investigation with Spanish children.

The objective was to determine and compare the trait and state components of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptom reports across multiple informants. Mothers, fathers, primary teachers, and secondary teachers rated the occurrence of the ODD symptoms in 810 Spanish children (55% boys) on 2 occasions (end first and second grades). Single source latent state-trait (LST) analyses revealed that ODD symptom ratings from all 4 sources showed more trait (M = 63%) than state residual (M = 37%) variance.

Trait and State Variance in Multi-Informant Assessments of ADHD and Academic Impairment in Spanish First-Grade Children.

Objective: We examined the stable trait and variable state components of ADHD-inattention (IN), ADHD-hyperactivity/impulsivity (HI), and academic impairment (AI) dimensions using mothers', fathers', primary and secondary teachers' ratings of children's behavior at home and school. We also examined between-informant agreement with regard to trait and state components.

Method: Mothers, fathers, primary and secondary teachers rated HI, IN, and AI in N = 758 Spanish first grade children (55% boys) over three measurement occasions across 12 months.

Analyzing Statistical Mediation with Multiple Informants: A New Approach with an Application in Clinical Psychology.

Testing mediation models is critical for identifying potential variables that need to be targeted to effectively change one or more outcome variables. In addition, it is now common practice for clinicians to use multiple informant (MI) data in studies of statistical mediation. By coupling the use of MI data with statistical mediation analysis, clinical researchers can combine the benefits of both techniques.

Collapsing factors in multitrait-multimethod models: examining consequences of a mismatch between measurement design and model.

Models of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are frequently applied to examine the convergent validity of scores obtained from multiple raters or methods in so-called multitrait-multimethod (MTMM) investigations. Many applications of CFA-MTMM and similarly structured models result in solutions in which at least one method (or specific) factor shows non-significant loading or variance estimates. Eid et al.