Estimating changes in flood risks and benefits of non-structural adaptation strategies - a case study from Tyrol, Austria.

Flood damage has increased significantly and is expected to rise further in many parts of the world. For assessing potential changes in flood risk, this paper presents an integrated model chain quantifying flood hazards and losses while considering climate and land use changes. In the case study region, risk estimates for the present and the near future illustrate that changes in flood risk by 2030 are relatively low compared to historic periods.

Ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using H2O2, part I: synthesis of new chiral N,N,N-tridentate pybox and pyboxazine ligands and their ruthenium complexes.

The synthesis of chiral tridentate N,N,N-pyridine-2,6-bisoxazolines 3 (pybox ligands) and N,N,N-pyridine-2,6-bisoxazines 4 (pyboxazine ligands) is described in detail. These novel ligands constitute a useful toolbox for the application in asymmetric catalysis. Compounds 3 and 4 are conveniently prepared by cyclization of enantiomerically pure alpha- or beta-amino alcohols with dimethyl pyridine-2,6-dicarboximidate.

Ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation of olefins using H2O2, part II: catalytic activities and mechanism.

Asymmetric epoxidation of olefins with 30 % H2O2 in the presence of [Ru(pybox)(pydic)] 1 and [Ru(pyboxazine)(pydic)] 2 has been studied in detail (pybox = pyridine-2,6-bisoxazoline, pyboxazine = pyridine-2,6-bisoxazine, pydic = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylate). 35 Ruthenium complexes with sterically and electronically different substituents have been tested in environmentally benign epoxidation reactions. Mono-, 1,1-di-, cis- and trans-1,2-di-, tri-, and tetra-substituted aromatic olefins with versatile functional groups can be epoxidized with this type of catalyst in good to excellent yields (up to 100 %) with moderate to good enantioselectivies (up to 84 % ee).

Synthesis of a new chiral N,N,N-tridentate pyridinebisimidazoline ligand library and its application in Ru-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation.

A small ligand library of chiral tridentate N,N,N-pyridinebisimidazolines have been synthesized for the first time. This new class of ligands can be easily tuned and synthesized on multi g-scale. The usefulness of the ligands is shown in the ruthenium-catalyzed asymmetric epoxidation with hydrogen peroxide as oxidant.

Convenient method for epoxidation of alkenes using aqueous hydrogen peroxide.

[reaction: see text] The complex [Ru(tpy)(pydic)] (1a) is an active catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes by aqueous 30% hydrogen peroxide in tertiary alcohols. The protocol is simple to operate and gives the corresponding epoxides in good to excellent yields. Chiral enantiopure [Ru(tpy)(pydic)] complexes have been synthesized and successfully applied in this procedure.

Synthesis of 9-N-cinchona alkaloid peptide hybrid derivatives: preparation and conformational study of 9-N-acylamino(9-deoxy)cinchona alkaloids.

The synthesis and conformational analyses of several 9-N-acylamino(9-deoxy)cinchona alkaloids is presented. Peptides were connected to cinchona alkaloids via a 9-amino group. The synthesis of the new cinchona alkaloid derivatives was performed straightforwardly from 9-amino(9-deoxy)dihydroquinidine via coupling with carboxylic acid chlorides and several dipeptides.

Asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydrodipeptides bearing different protecting groups.

N-[(Z)-N-Benzoyl- or N-boc-(2-fluorophenyl)dehydroalanyl]-(R)- or (S)-phenyl-alanines 1,2,5 and 6 were hydrogenated in the presence of chiral and achiral rhodium complexes. The optical induction is compared to the results obtained using the corresponding esters as substrates.