Retroperitoneal Foregut Duplication Cyst Containing Gastric, Respiratory, and Pancreatic Tissue Misinterpreted as an Adrenal Mass on Imaging: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Foregut duplication cyst is most commonly seen in the posterior mediastinum without communication with adjacent organs or presence of other malformations and typically shows ectopic gastric or respiratory epithelium. The finding of ectopic pancreatic tissue is extremely rare. A 15-year-old female patient presented with elevated blood pressure, intermittent right flank pain for 18 months.

Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy: Feasibility of objective evaluation with quantitative CT.

Objective: To describe quantitative CT parameters of children with a typical pattern for NEHI and compare them to controls.

Materials And Methods: Eleven patients (7 boys) with NEHI and an available chest CT concordant NEHI were identified. Eleven age-, sex-, height-matched, with CT technique-matching were identified for comparison.

Longitudinal assessment of vascular calcification in generalized arterial calcification of infancy.

Background: Generalized arterial calcification of infancy (GACI), also known as idiopathic infantile arterial calcification, is a very uncommon genetic disorder characterized by calcifications and stenoses of large- and medium-size arteries that can lead to end-organ damage.

Objective: To describe changes in imaging findings in 10 children with GACI at a single institution from 2010 to 2021.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study we reviewed initial and follow-up body imaging in children with genetic confirmation of GACI at our hospital.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging of the Knee to Predict Childhood Growth.

Background Accurate and precise methods to predict growth remain lacking. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) depicts the columnar structure of the physis and metaphyseal spongiosa and provides measures of tract volume and length that may help predict growth. Purpose To validate physeal DTI metrics as predictors of height velocity (1-year height gain from time of MRI examination) and total height gain (height gain from time of MRI examination until growth stops) and compare the prediction accuracy with bone age-based models.

Pilot study for comparative assessment of dual-energy computed tomography and single-photon emission computed tomography V/Q scanning for lung perfusion evaluation in infants.

Objective: To evaluate clinical applications of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) in pediatric-specific lung diseases and compare ventilation and perfusion findings with those from single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-CT) V/Q.

Methods: All patients at our institution who underwent exams using both techniques within a 3-month period were included in this study. Two readers independently described findings for DECT, and two other readers independently analyzed the SPECT-CT V/Q scan data.

Value of chest CT over skeletal surveys in detection of rib fractures in pediatric patients.

Recent literature has raised concerns about the sensitivity and accuracy of radiographs at diagnosing rib fractures. Studies have shown that chest computed tomography (CT) has far greater sensitivity at detecting rib fractures than radiographs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of skeletal survey (SS) radiographs at diagnosis of rib fractures compared to CT in the pediatric population.

The Use of Point-of-Care Ultrasound (POCUS) in the Diagnosis of Deep Vein Thrombosis.

Acute lower extremity proximal deep venous thrombosis (DVT) requires accurate diagnosis and treatment in order to prevent embolization and other complications. Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS), a clinician performed, and clinician interpreted bedside ultrasound examination has been increasingly used for DVT evaluation mainly in the urgent and critical care setting, but also in the ambulatory clinics and the medical wards. Studies have demonstrated that POCUS has excellent diagnostic accuracy for acute proximal DVT when performed by well-trained users.

Voxel-based map of the inter-arterial watershed zones in children.

Purpose: To create a voxel-based map of the inter-arterial watershed derived from children who have sustained a hypoxic-ischemic injury involving this region at term.

Materials And Methods: Patients 0-18 years of age diagnosed with a hypoxic-ischemic injury of the watershed on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were included. Two pediatric neuroradiologists segmented the lesions as visualized on the T2-weighted sequence.

Prognostic value of the nutmeg lung pattern/lymphangiectasia on fetal magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: A nutmeg lung pattern on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an imaging finding associated with pulmonary lymphangiectasia. However, the prognostic value of the nutmeg lung pattern is unknown.

Objective: To evaluate the clinical associations of nutmeg lung indicating lymphangiectasia on fetal lung MRI and its relationship with early mortality in fetuses with primary and secondary lymphangiectasia.

Humeral lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures - magnetic resonance imaging characteristics in the pediatric population.

Background: Avulsion fractures of the humeral lesser tuberosity are rare injuries in skeletally immature patients and can pose a diagnostic challenge that often leads to delayed identification.

Objective: To describe the demographics, mechanism of injury and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures in children.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective search of children with lesser tuberosity avulsion fractures on MRI was done.

Normal age-related quantitative CT values in the pediatric lung: from the first breath to adulthood.

Objective: To characterize the normal progression of quantitative CT parameters in normal children from birth to adulthood.

Materials And Methods: Patients aged 0-18 years with non-contrast-enhanced chest CT and evidence of normal lung parenchyma were included. Patients with respiratory symptoms, incomplete anthropometric measurements, or sub-optimal imaging technique were excluded.

CTA utilization for evaluation of suspected pulmonary embolism in a tertiary pediatric emergency department.

Objective: To evaluate changes in the utilization of computed tomography angiography (CTA) for evaluating suspected pulmonary embolism (PE) and the positive rate of ancillary for those studies negative for PE in the last 13 years.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective review of patient ≤ 20 years of age who underwent a chest CT angiography to rule out PE was performed in a 13-year-period. CT angiographies were grouped into three categories: Positive for PE, negative for PE and positive for ancillary findings, and negative for any pathology.

Imaging of fetal lymphangiectasias: prenatal and postnatal imaging findings.

Lymphangiectasias are lymphatic malformations characterized by the abnormal dilation and morphology of the lymphatic channels. The classification and treatment of these disorders can be challenging given the limited amount of literature available in children. Various imaging modalities are used to confirm suspected diagnosis, plan the most appropriate treatment, and estimate a prognosis.

Current and Future Applications of Thoracic Dual-Energy CT in Children: Pearls and Pitfalls of Technique and Interpretation.

Dual-energy computer tomography (DECT) technology has experienced rapid growth in recent years, now allowing for the collection of 2 CT data sets and opening the potential for functional data acquisition. Data from a single postcontrast phase are deconstructed and Iodine can be subtracted to create a virtual noncontrast image, or selectively represented as a contrast map that allows for the qualification and quantification of lung perfusion. Virtual monoenergetic images can also be used to reduce beam-hardening artifact from concentrated contrast or metal implants.

Imaging of children with COVID-19: experience from a tertiary children's hospital in the United States.

Background: Imaging of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been described in adults, but children have milder forms of disease. Pediatric imaging descriptions are of asymptomatic children, raising the question of whether imaging is needed in this patient group.

Objective: To describe the utilization and imaging findings in children with COVID-19 along with the comorbidities, treatment and short-term outcomes.

Developmental dysplasia of the hip: can contrast-enhanced MRI predict the development of avascular necrosis following surgery?

Objective: To investigate the performance of contrast-enhanced MRI for predicting avascular necrosis (AVN) of the treated femoral head after surgical reduction for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) using qualitative and quantitative methods.

Methods And Materials: This IRB-approved, HIPAA compliant retrospective study included 47 children who underwent same-day contrast-enhanced MRI following unilateral surgical hip reduction between April 2009 and June 2018. Blinded to the clinical outcome, 3 reviewers (2 pediatric radiologists and 1 pediatric orthopedist) independently categorized the enhancement pattern of the treated femoral head.

Arm position on portable neonatal/infant ICU chest radiograph can mimic lamellar effusion.

Introduction/background: Arm malposition in neonatal ICU radiographs may result in overlap of the arm soft tissues and chest wall giving the appearance of lamellar effusions. We aimed to determine the frequency of arm malposition on portable neonatal/infant intensive care unit (N/IICU) chest radiographs and the proportion of these mimicking lamellar effusions.

Material And Methods: We evaluated a subgroup of supine portable chest radiographs performed at the N/IICU.

Whole-body MRI in the diagnosis of paediatric CNO/CRMO.

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an auto-inflammatory disorder affecting the skeleton of children and adolescents. Whole-body MRI (WBMRI) is key in the diagnosis and follow-up of CRMO. Imaging protocols should include sagittal short Tau inversion recovery of the spine, imaging of the hands and feet, and T1 images for distinguishing normal bone marrow.

Osteochondral lesion of the talus in children: Are there MRI findings of instability?

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to investigate the performance of MRI findings to predict instability of osteochondral lesion of the talus (OLT) in children and the association between skeletal maturity and lesion stability.

Materials And Method: This retrospective IRB-approved and HIPPA-compliant study included children with OLT, who underwent an ankle MRI examination between March 1, 2011, and May 31, 2018. Blinded to the clinical outcome, 2 radiologists retrospectively assessed each MRI study for the presence or absence of various features on the articular side, along the interface, and on the subchondral side of each lesion.

Specific Absorption Rate and Specific Energy Dose: Comparison of 1.5-T versus 3.0-T Fetal MRI.

Background MRI performed at 3.0 T offers greater signal-to-noise ratio and better spatial resolution than does MRI performed at 1.5 T; however, for fetal MRI, there are concerns about the potential for greater radiofrequency energy administered to the fetus at 3.

Quantitative CT analysis for bronchiolitis obliterans in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents-comparison with controls and lung function data.

Objective: To compare quantitative chest CT parameters in perinatally HIV-infected adolescents with and without bronchiolitis obliterans compared with HIV-uninfected controls and their association with lung function measurements.

Materials And Methods: Seventy-eight (41 girls) HIV-infected adolescents with a mean age of 13.8 ± 1.