Directing the Stereoselectivity of the Claisen Rearrangement to Form Cyclic Ketones with Full Substitution at the α-Positions.

We report an enantioselective synthesis of cyclic ketones with full substitutions at the α-positions in a highly diastereoselective manner. Our method is achieved by subjecting substrate motifs in 2-allyloxyenones to chiral organomagnesium reagents, which trigger the Claisen rearrangement upon direct 1,2-carbonyl addition. The observed diastereoselectivity of the allyl migration is proposed to originate from the intramolecular chelation of the magnesium alkoxide to the allyloxy moiety.

Transcutaneous transmission of photobiomodulation light to the spinal canal of dog as measured from cadaver dogs using a multi-channel intra-spinal probe.

The target level photobiomodulation (PBM) irradiances along the thoracic to lumbar segment of the interior spinal canal in six cadaver dogs resulting from surface illumination at 980 nm were measured. Following a lateral hemi-laminectomy, a flexible probe fabricated on a plastic tubular substrate of 6.325 mm diameter incorporating nine miniature photodetectors was embedded in the thoracic to lumbar segment of the spinal canal.

Flexible nine-channel photodetector probe facilitated intraspinal multisite transcutaneous photobiomodulation therapy dosimetry in cadaver dogs.

Noninvasive photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) of spinal cord disease remains speculative due to the lack of evidence for whether photobiomodulatory irradiances can be transcutaneously delivered to the spinal cord under a clinically acceptable PBMT surface irradiation protocol. We developed a flexible nine-channel photodetection probe for deployment within the spinal canal of a cadaver dog after hemilaminectomy to measure transcutaneously transmitted PBMT irradiance at nine sites over an eight-cm spinal canal length. The probe was built upon a 6.

Novel zebrafish caspase-3 substrates.

The zebrafish model has been widely used to investigate numerous signaling pathways in vertebrates, including programmed cell death. Although several zebrafish proteins homologous to mammalian caspases have been identified, our understanding of these zebrafish caspases is still limited. Recently, we identified a large number of natural caspase-3 substrates from the human proteome by using the mRNA-display selection method.