The worst of times: Using a transformative mixed-methods study to name and describe school-based adverse racialized experiences (AREs) in the K-12 retrospective accounts of university students.

Objective: This transformative multiphase mixed-methods study aimed to identify the thematic structure of school-based adverse racialized experiences (AREs), their prevalence, and perpetrators in the retrospective K-12 accounts of a sample of racially diverse undergraduate students aged 17-22.

Method: Interpretative analysis of interviews in Phase I informed the design of a vignette survey in Phase II. Qualitative and quantitative methods identified convergent patterns of school-based AREs under the three themes: racial discrimination, racial microaggressions, and racial harassment.