Organocatalyzed Carbonylation of Alkyl Halides Driven by Visible Light.

Herein, we describe a new strategy for the carbonylation of alkyl halides with different nucleophiles to generate valuable carbonyl derivatives under visible light irradiation. This method is mild, robust, highly selective, and proceeds under metal-free conditions to prepare a range of structurally diverse esters and amides in good to excellent yields. In addition, we highlight the application of this activation strategy for C isotopic incorporation.

Halide Noninnocence and Direct Photoreduction of Ni(II) Enables Coupling of Aryl Chlorides in Dual Catalytic, Carbon-Heteroatom Bond-Forming Reactions.

Recent mechanistic studies of dual photoredox/Ni-catalyzed, light-driven cross-coupling reactions have found that the photocatalyst (PC) operates through either reductive quenching or energy transfer cycles. To date, reports invoking oxidative quenching cycles are comparatively rare and direct observation of such a quenching event has not been reported. However, when PCs with highly reducing excited states are used (e.

GNE Myopathy as a Myofibrillar Myopathy: Potential Important Disease Mechanism Implied by Muscle Biopsy.

We report a case of 2 sisters in their 20s with genetically confirmed UDP-N-acetylglucoasmine 2-epimerase/N-acetylmannosamine kinase myopathy along with muscle biopsy findings. Both patients described slowly progressive signs of distal-predominant weakness since adolescence that had been dismissed as "clumsiness." Exam and electrodiagnostic testing suggested a predominately distal myopathy.

Designing High-Triplet-Yield Phenothiazine Donor-Acceptor Complexes for Photoredox Catalysis.

Phenothiazine, owing to its ease of oxidation and modularity with respect to facile functionalization, is an attractive central chemical unit from which to construct highly reducing organic photoredox catalysts. While design improvements have been made in the community, the yield of intersystem crossing (Φ), which determines access to the long-lived triplet excited state, has yet to be systematically optimized. Herein, we explore the impacts of -aryl substituent variation on excited-state dynamics using picosecond to millisecond transient absorption and emission spectroscopies.

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome Secondary to Metoclopramide Use in an Elderly Gastroenterologic Surgery Patient.

An 84-year-old African American woman was admitted to the hospital secondary to severe abdominal pain accompanied by septic shock. She underwent exploratory laparotomy, which revealed extensive small bowel necrosis likely due to small bowel torsion. A small bowel resection was performed with primary anastomoses and the patient was subsequently transferred to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Integrative veterinary medical education and consensus guidelines for an integrative veterinary medicine curriculum within veterinary colleges.

Integrative veterinary medicine (IVM) describes the combination of complementary and alternative therapies with conventional care and is guided by the best available evidence. Veterinarians frequently encounter questions about complementary and alternative veterinary medicine (CAVM) in practice, and the general public has demonstrated increased interest in these areas for both human and animal health. Consequently, veterinary students should receive adequate exposure to the principles, theories, and current knowledge supporting or refuting such techniques.

Multipurpose prevention technologies for sexual and reproductive health: mapping global needs for introduction of new preventive products.

Objectives: Worldwide, women face sexual and reproductive health (SRH) risks including unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. Multipurpose prevention technologies (MPTs) combine protection against two or more SRH risks into one product. Male and female condoms are the only currently available MPT products, but several other forms of MPTs are in development.

Unilateral visual loss in a previously healthy 15-year-old girl: monosymptomatic neuromyelitis optica?

We report a previously healthy 15 year old girl with acute onset of unilateral visual loss consistent with a diagnosis of monosymptomatic optic neuritis. Her symptoms responded well to the use of high-dose intravenous methylprednisolone. With very brief follow-up (2 months) she has had no subsequent difficulties.

Update on rifampin, rifabutin, and rifapentine drug interactions.

Background: Rifampin is a potent inducer of both cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes and the P-glycoprotein transport system. Among numerous well documented, clinically significant interactions, examples include warfarin, oral contraceptives, itraconazole, digoxin, verapamil, simvastatin, and human immunodeficiency virus-related protease inhibitors. Rifabutin reduces serum concentrations of antiretroviral agents, but less so than rifampin.

Acute bone marker responses to whole-body vibration and resistance exercise in young women.

Whole-body vibration (WBV) augments the musculoskeletal effects of resistance exercise (RE). However, its acute effects on bone turnover markers (BTM) have not been determined. This study examined BTM responses to acute high-intensity RE and high-intensity RE with WBV (WBV+RE) in young women (n=10) taking oral contraceptives in a randomized, crossover repeated measures design.

Phospholipids trigger Cryptococcus neoformans capsular enlargement during interactions with amoebae and macrophages.

A remarkable aspect of the interaction of Cryptococcus neoformans with mammalian hosts is a consistent increase in capsule volume. Given that many aspects of the interaction of C. neoformans with macrophages are also observed with amoebae, we hypothesized that the capsule enlargement phenomenon also had a protozoan parallel.

Clinical characteristics, management and long-term outcome of suspected rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder in 14 dogs.

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, management and long-term outcome in dogs with suspected rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder.

Method: Medical records and video recordings of 14 dogs with suspected rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder were reviewed and the owners were contacted via telephone or email for further information.

Results: Clinical signs included episodes of violent limb movements, howling, barking, growling, chewing, or biting during sleep.

Preventing emergency department visits and hospitalizations for asthma by use of oral corticosteroids at home: are we adhering to national guidelines?

Background: Oral corticosteroids (OCS) in the home management of asthma exacerbations have been recommended in the NIH/NHLBI guidelines since 1991. As a routine component of written action plans, OCS treatment at home is associated with reduced emergency department (ED) visits and hospitalizations as well as decreased mortality.

Methods: A literature search of English language journals from 1991 to 2009 was performed using several databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, and SCOPUS.

Phagocytosis of Cryptococcus neoformans by, and nonlytic exocytosis from, Acanthamoeba castellanii.

Cryptococcus neoformans, an encapsulated, pathogenic yeast, is endowed with a variety of virulence factors, including a polysaccharide capsule. During mammalian infection, the outcome of the interaction between C. neoformans and macrophages is central to determining the fate of the host.

Care of chronic wounds in palliative care and end-of-life patients.

The aim of this paper was to provide a literature synthesis on current wound care practices for the management of chronic wounds in palliative care and end-of-life patients, focusing on the control of wound-related symptoms for comfort and improved quality of life. These wounds included pressure ulcers, venous and arterial leg ulcers, diabetic ulcers and fungating malignant wounds. Wound-related symptoms included pain, exudate, malodour, infection, bleeding, dressing comfort and negative psychological and social functioning.

Paramecium species ingest and kill the cells of the human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans.

A fundamental question in the field of medical mycology is the origin of virulence in those fungal pathogens acquired directly from the environment. In recent years, it was proposed that the virulence of certain environmental animal-pathogenic microbes, such as Cryptococcus neoformans, originated from selection pressures caused by species-specific predation. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of C.

Capsule enlargement in Cryptococcus neoformans confers resistance to oxidative stress suggesting a mechanism for intracellular survival.

Cryptococcus neoformans is a facultative intracellular pathogen. The most distinctive feature of C. neoformans is a polysaccharide capsule that enlarges depending on environmental stimuli.

Update on rifampin and rifabutin drug interactions.

Rifampin is a potent inducer of cytochrome P-450 oxidative enzymes as well as the P-glycoprotein transport system. Several examples of well-documented clinically significant interactions include warfarin, oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, itraconazole, digoxin, verapamil, nifedipine, simvastatin, midazolam, and human immunodeficiency virus-related protease inhibitors. Rifabutin reduces serum concentrations of antiretroviral agents, but less so than rifampin.

The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system: an updated review of the contraceptive and noncontraceptive uses.

The levonorgestrel containing intrauterine system is an effective and safe form of long-term yet reversible birth control. Intrauterine contraception use in the United States fell dramatically after early studies reported an association between intrauterine contraception use and later tubal infertility. Subsequent evaluation suggests that these early studies were biased.

Gap junction and purinergic P2 receptor proteins as a functional unit: insights from transcriptomics.

Gap junctions and purinergic P2 receptors (P2Rs) can be regarded as belonging to a common functional unit, given that they are involved in the transmission of calcium signals between cells. We have previously shown that deletion of the Gja1 gene alters expression levels of numerous genes encoding proteins with diverse functions, including purinergic receptors (P2Rs), and have found that genes synergistically or antagonistically expressed in wild-type tissues are more prone to be similarly or oppositely regulated in Cx43-nulls. We have now explored the use of coordination analysis of gene expression as a strategy to identify interlinked genes encoding functionally related proteins and pull-downs to evaluate their interlinkage.

Possible therapeutic vaccines for canine myasthenia gravis: implications for the human disease and associated fatigue.

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is caused by T cell-dependent antibodies reactive with acetylcholine receptors. These autoreactive antibodies cause muscle weakness by interfering with neuromuscular transmission via removal of acetylcholine receptors from the neuromuscular junction as well as changing the architecture of the junction itself. Consequently, muscle fatigue is a debilitating aspect of MG often leading to more general feelings of tiredness not directly due to muscle weakness.