Impact of breastfeeding on risk of glucose intolerance in early postpartum after gestational diabetes.

Aims: To determine the impact of breastfeeding on the risk of postpartum glucose intolerance in women with gestational diabetes.

Methods: Sub-analysis of two multi-centric prospective cohort studies (BEDIP-N and MELINDA) in 1008 women with gestational diabetes. Data were collected during pregnancy and at a mean of 12 weeks postpartum.

The Belgian Diabetes in Pregnancy Follow-Up Study (BEDIP-FUS): A Multi-Centric Prospective Cohort Study on the Long-Term Metabolic Risk across Different Degrees of Gestational Glucose Intolerance: Methodology and Design.

The Belgian Diabetes in Pregnancy follow-up study (BEDIP-FUS) aims to investigate the impact of body mass index (BMI), adiposity and different degrees of glucose intolerance on the metabolic profile and future risk for type 2 diabetes (T2D) in women and offspring five years after delivery in the BEDIP study. The BEDIP study was a prospective cohort study to evaluate different screening strategies for gestational diabetes (GDM) based on the 2013 WHO criteria. The aim of the BEDIP-FUS is to recruit 375 women-offspring pairs, stratified according to three different subgroups based on the antenatal result of the glucose challenge test (GCT) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) during the BEDIP pregnancy.

Effect of switching from intermittently scanned to real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes: 24-month results from the randomised ALERTT1 trial.

Background: Comparing Continuous With Flash Glucose Monitoring In Adults With Type 1 Diabetes (ALERTT1) examined whether switching from first-generation intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) without alerts to real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM) with alert functionality offers additional benefits to adults with type 1 diabetes. The extension of the randomised ALERTT1 trial assessed the effect of switching from isCGM to rtCGM up to 24 months.

Methods: In this 6-month, double-arm, parallel-group, non-masked, randomised, controlled trial, done across six hospitals in Belgium, 254 adults aged 18 years or older with type 1 diabetes previously using isCGM were randomly assigned (1:1) to rtCGM with alerts (intervention; n=127) or isCGM without alerts (control; n=127).

Low Gestational Weight Gain in Women With Gestational Diabetes Is Safe With Better Metabolic Profile Postpartum.

Context: More data are needed on the potential benefits and risks of gestational weight gain (GWG) less than recommended and excessive GWG in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) compared to women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) during pregnancy.

Objective: This work aimed to evaluate association of gestational weight gain (GWG) as low, within, or above (excessive) according to Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines, with pregnancy outcomes in women with gestational diabetes (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods: This prospective cohort study included 7 Belgian hospitals and 1843 women receiving universal GDM screening with a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test.

The Impact of Baseline User Characteristics on the Benefits of Real-Time Versus Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Moderator Analyses of the ALERTT1 Trial.

Background: ALERTT1 showed that switching from intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM) without alerts to real-time CGM (rtCGM) with alert functionality improved time in range (TIR; 70-180 mg/dL), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), time <54 mg/dL, and Hypoglycemia Fear Survey version II worry subscale (HFS-worry) score after six months in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Moderator analyses aimed to identify certain subgroups that would benefit more from switching to rtCGM than others.

Methods: Post hoc analyses of ALERTT1 evaluated the impact of 14 baseline characteristics on the difference (delta) in mean TIR, HbA1c, time <54 mg/dL, and HFS-worry score at six months between rtCGM and isCGM.

Type 1 diabetes-related autoimmune antibodies in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and the long-term risk for glucose intolerance.

Aims: To characterize women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) positive for type 1 diabetes-related autoimmune antibodies (T1D-related autoantibodies) in pregnancy and to evaluate their risk for long-term glucose intolerance.

Methods: In a multi-centric prospective cohort study with 1843 women receiving universal screening for GDM with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), autoantibodies were measured in women with GDM: insulin autoantibodies (IAA), islet cell antibodies (ICA), insulinoma-associated protein-2 antibodies (IA-2A) and glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GADA). Long-term follow-up ( ± 4.

Higher Thyroid fT3-to-fT4 Ratio Is Associated with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes.

Aim: To determine the association between thyroid function and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Methods: This case−control study was a sub-analysis of the BEDIP-N study, in which 199 GDM women were matched for age and body mass index with 398 controls. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and thyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies were measured at 6−14 weeks and 26−28 weeks during pregnancy.

Preference of Women for Gestational Diabetes Screening Method According to Tolerance of Tests and Population Characteristics.

Aims: To determine the preferred method of screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: 1804 women from a prospective study (NCT02036619) received a glucose challenge test (GCT) and 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) between 24-28 weeks. Tolerance of screening tests and preference for screening strategy (two-step screening strategy with GCT compared to one-step screening strategy with OGTT) were evaluated by a self-designed questionnaire at the time of the GCT and OGTT.

Fasting plasma glucose level to guide the need for an OGTT to screen for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Aims: To determine the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level at which an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) could be avoided to screen for gestational diabetes (GDM) and to evaluate the characteristics of women across this FPG threshold.

Methods: A multi-centric prospective cohort study with 1843 women receiving universal screening for GDM with a 75 g OGTT.

Results: In the total population, GDM prevalence was 12.

Relationship Between Time in Range, Glycemic Variability, HbA1c, and Complications in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus.

Purpose: Real-time continuous glucose monitoring (RT-CGM) provides information on glycemic variability (GV), time in range (TIR), and guidance to avoid hypoglycemia, thereby complimenting HbA1c for diabetes management. We investigated whether GV and TIR were independently associated with chronic and acute diabetes complications.

Methods: Between September 2014 and January 2017, 515 subjects with type 1 diabetes using sensor-augmented pump therapy were followed for 24 months.

Lipohypertrophy Monitoring Study (LIMO): Effect of single use of 4 mm pen needles combined with education on injection site rotation on glycaemic control: Confirmation of an unpleasant truth.

Aims: To investigate whether single use of 4 mm needles combined with education about injection technique and lipohypertrophy affects HbA1c, hypoglycaemia and glucose variability.

Methods: Insulin-injecting people with diabetes recruited from nine Belgian diabetes centres were prospectively followed for 6 months. They were provided 4 mm pen needles and education concerning injection technique using an online platform (BD and Me™) based on the international Forum for Injection Technique & Therapy Recommendations focused on avoidance of lipohypertrophy zones and reduction of needle reuse.

Comparing real-time and intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring in adults with type 1 diabetes (ALERTT1): a 6-month, prospective, multicentre, randomised controlled trial.

Background: People with type 1 diabetes can continuously monitor their glucose levels on demand (intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring [isCGM]), or in real time (real-time continuous glucose monitoring [rtCGM]). However, it is unclear whether switching from isCGM to rtCGM with alert functionality offers additional benefits. Therefore, we did a trial comparing rtCGM and isCGM in adults with type 1 diabetes (ALERTT1).

Antenatal Depression and Risk of Gestational Diabetes, Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes, and Postpartum Quality of Life.

Aims: To determine the impact of depressive symptoms on pregnancy outcomes and postpartum quality of life in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normal glucose tolerance (NGT).

Methods: 1843 women from a prospective cohort study received universal GDM screening with an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression questionnaire was completed before GDM diagnosis was communicated and in GDM women in early postpartum.

Predictors of neonatal adiposity and associations by fetal sex in women with gestational diabetes mellitus and normal glucose-tolerant women.

Aims: To determine predictors of neonatal adiposity and differences in associations by fetal sex in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), normal-weight and overweight (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m) normal glucose-tolerant women (NGT).

Methods: Skinfold thickness was measured in 576 newborns, and cord blood leptin, c-peptide and lipids in 327 newborns in a multi-centric prospective cohort study.

Results: Compared to neonates of normal-weight NGT women (327), neonates of women with GDM (97) were more often large-for-gestational age (LGA) (16.

Women with Mild Fasting Hyperglycemia in Early Pregnancy Have More Neonatal Intensive Care Admissions.

Aims: To determine impact of mild fasting hyperglycemia in early pregnancy (fasting plasma glucose [FPG] 5.1-5.5 mmol/L) on pregnancy outcomes.

Sustained Impact of Real-time Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes on Insulin Pump Therapy: Results After the 24-Month RESCUE Study.

Objective: In recent years, a growing number of people with type 1 diabetes gained access to real-time continuous glucose monitoring (rtCGM). Long-term benefits of rtCGM are unclear because of a lack of large studies of long duration. We evaluated whether real-world rtCGM use up to 24 months offered benefits, particularly in those living with impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH).

Screening and follow-up of pregestational diabetes and gestational diabetes mellitus: A survey of primary care physicians in Belgium.

Aims: Consensus regarding the best screening and follow-up strategy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is lacking, resulting in heterogeneity in clinical practice. We aimed to evaluate screening and follow-up practices for pregestational type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and GDM in primary care in Belgium.

Methods: We performed an online survey among primary care physicians (PCPs) in the northern part of Belgium, Flanders.

Estimating the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus based on the 2013 WHO criteria: a prediction model based on clinical and biochemical variables in early pregnancy.

Aims: We aimed to develop a prediction model based on clinical and biochemical variables for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria.

Methods: A total of 1843 women from a Belgian multi-centric prospective cohort study underwent universal screening for GDM. Using multivariable logistic regression analysis, a model to predict GDM was developed based on variables from early pregnancy.

Characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across gestational diabetes mellitus subtypes based on insulin resistance.

Aims/hypothesis: This study aimed to determine the characteristics and pregnancy outcomes across different subtypes of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on insulin resistance.

Methods: GDM subtypes were defined in 1813 pregnant women from a multicentre prospective cohort study, stratified according to insulin resistance, based on Matsuda index below the 50th percentile of women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), during a 75 g OGTT at 24-28 weeks' gestation. GDM was diagnosed in 12.

The 2019 Flemish consensus on screening for overt diabetes in early pregnancy and screening for gestational diabetes mellitus.

Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is important to improve pregnancy outcomes and to prevent type 2 diabetes after pregnancy. The 'International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups' (IADPSG) recommends a universal one-step approach with the 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for screening of GDM. The IADPSG recommendation remains controversial due to the important increase in GDM prevalence and increased workload.

Risk factor screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on the 2013 WHO criteria.

Objective: Since many European countries use risk factor screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), we aimed to determine the performance of selective screening for GDM based on the 2013 WHO criteria.

Design And Methods: Overall, 1811 women received universal screening with a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with GDM in 12.5% (n = 231) women based on the 2013 WHO criteria.

Prediction of Glucose Intolerance in Early Postpartum in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on the 2013 WHO Criteria.

Predictors for glucose intolerance postpartum were evaluated in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) based on the 2013 World Health Organization (WHO) criteria. 1841 women were tested for GDM in a prospective cohort study. A postpartum 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed in women with GDM at 14 ± 4.

A Modified Two-Step Screening Strategy for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Based on the 2013 WHO Criteria by Combining the Glucose Challenge Test and Clinical Risk Factors.

This study determines if a modified two-step screening strategy with a glucose challenge test (GCT) ≥ 7.2 mmol/L and clinical risk factors improves the diagnostic accuracy for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), based on 2013 WHO criteria, while limiting the number of oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT). This was a prospective multicentric cohort study with 1811 participants receiving both GCT and 75 g OGTT in pregnancy.