Intravitreal Administration of Acetyl Triethyl Citrate and Benzyl Benzoate Is Retinotoxic in Rabbits but Not in Cynomolgus Monkeys.

Sustained drug delivery formulations are developed to reduce dose frequency while maintaining efficacy of intravitreal (ITV) administered therapeutics. Available safety data for components novel to the eye's posterior segment may be limited, requiring preclinical assessments to identify potential toxicities. We evaluated the in vivo and in vitro safety of two solvents, acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) and benzyl benzoate (BB), as novel sustained delivery formulations for ITV administration.

In vitro assessment of farnesoid X receptor antagonism to predict drug-induced liver injury risk.

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) continues to be a major cause of drug attrition and restrictive labeling. Given the importance of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) in bile acid homeostasis, drug-related FXR antagonism may be an important mechanism of DILI. However, a comprehensive assessment of this phenomenon broadly in the context of DILI is lacking.

Knowing when to trust a teacher: The contribution of category status and sample composition to young children's judgments of informant trustworthiness.

Two experiments examined the extent to which category status influences children's attention to the composition of evidence samples provided by different informants. Children were told about two informants, each of whom presented different samples of evidence, and then were asked to judge which informant they would trust to help them learn something new. The composition of evidence samples was manipulated such that one sample included either a large number (n = 5) or a diverse range of exemplars relative to the other sample, which included either a small number (n = 2) or a homogeneous range of exemplars.

Three-year-olds obey the sample size principle of induction: the influence of evidence presentation and sample size disparity on young children's generalizations.

Three experiments with 81 3-year-olds (M=3.62years) examined the conditions that enable young children to use the sample size principle (SSP) of induction-the inductive rule that facilitates generalizations from large rather than small samples of evidence. In Experiment 1, children exhibited the SSP when exemplars were presented sequentially but not when exemplars were presented simultaneously.

Expectations about single event probabilities in the first year of life: The influence of perceptual and statistical information.

Recent evidence suggests that infants can generate expectations about future events from a sample of probabilistic data. However, little is known about the conditions that support the development of this ability. Three experiments tested the prediction that 8- and 12-month-olds respond to base rates as well as perceptual cues when they generate expectations from a sample of probabilistic data.

It's in the sample: the effects of sample size and sample diversity on the breadth of inductive generalization.

Developmental studies have provided mixed evidence with regard to the question of whether children consider sample size and sample diversity in their inductive generalizations. Results from four experiments with 105 undergraduates, 105 school-age children (M=7.2 years), and 105 preschoolers (M=4.

Sample selection and inductive generalization.

In two experiments with adults (N = 126), we examined the influence of sampling procedure on inductive generalization. In predicate sampling, participants learned the category identity of individuals known to possess some property. In subject sampling, individuals selected for category identity were discovered to possess a novel property.

A series of 2(Z)-2-benzylidene-6,7-dihydroxybenzofuran-3[2H]-ones as inhibitors of chorismate synthase.

A series of 2(Z)-2-benzylidene-6,7-dihydroxybenzofuran-3[2H]-ones was identified as potent inhibitors of bacterial chorismate synthase. The 2'-hydroxy-4'-pentoxy analogue 33 is a potent inhibitor of Streptococcus pneumoniae chorismate synthase.