Analysis of diurnal variation in serum testosterone levels in men with symptoms of testosterone deficiency.

Background: Testosterone (T) plays a crucial role in various physiological functions in men, and understanding the variations in T levels during the day is essential for diagnosing and treating testosterone deficiency (TD).

Aim: We sought to evaluate the reduction in serum total T (TT) levels throughout the day in men with symptoms of testosterone deficiency and to determine the variables having an impact on the extent of this decline.

Methods: The study population consisted of a group of men who within 3 months of each other had all undergone both early morning and afternoon TT level measurements.

Evidence of ubiquitous Alfvén pulses transporting energy from the photosphere to the upper chromosphere.

The multi-million degree temperature increase from the middle to the upper solar atmosphere is one of the most fascinating puzzles in plasma-astrophysics. Although magnetic waves might transport enough energy from the photosphere to heat up the local chromosphere and corona, observationally validating their ubiquity has proved challenging. Here, we show observational evidence that ubiquitous Alfvén pulses are excited by prevalent intensity swirls in the solar photosphere.

Paternal Genome Elimination in Booklice (Insecta: Psocodea).

How sex is determined in insects is diverse and dynamic, and includes male heterogamety, female heterogamety, and haplodiploidy. In many insect lineages, sex determination is either completely unknown or poorly studied. We studied sex determination in Psocodea-a species-rich order of insects that includes parasitic lice, barklice, and booklice.