Inhibition of IL-11 signalling extends mammalian healthspan and lifespan.

For healthspan and lifespan, ERK, AMPK and mTORC1 represent critical pathways and inflammation is a centrally important hallmark. Here we examined whether IL-11, a pro-inflammatory cytokine of the IL-6 family, has a negative effect on age-associated disease and lifespan. As mice age, IL-11 is upregulated across cell types and tissues to regulate an ERK-AMPK-mTORC1 axis to modulate cellular, tissue- and organismal-level ageing pathologies.

Striatin plays a major role in angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte and cardiac hypertrophy in mice in vivo.

The three striatins (STRN, STRN3, STRN4) form the core of STRiatin-Interacting Phosphatase and Kinase (STRIPAK) complexes. These place protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) in proximity to protein kinases thereby restraining kinase activity and regulating key cellular processes. Our aim was to establish if striatins play a significant role in cardiac remodelling associated with cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.

Differences in 5'untranslated regions highlight the importance of translational regulation of dosage sensitive genes.

Background: Untranslated regions (UTRs) are important mediators of post-transcriptional regulation. The length of UTRs and the composition of regulatory elements within them are known to vary substantially across genes, but little is known about the reasons for this variation in humans. Here, we set out to determine whether this variation, specifically in 5'UTRs, correlates with gene dosage sensitivity.

Efficient and metal-free synthesis of 2-aroyl 7-azaindoles thermally induced denitrogenative intramolecular annulation of 1,2,3,4-tetrazolopyridines.

A facile and metal-free intramolecular denitrogenative annulation strategy for the preparation of novel 2-aroyl 7-azaindoles has been developed from 3-(tetrazolo[1,5-]pyridin-8-yl)prop-2-en-1-one in the presence of the deep eutectic solvent Dowtherm A. The valuable features of the protocol include a short reaction time, absence of any metal catalyst, utilization of a eutectic solvent, easy product isolation, and very good yields of novel 2-aroyl 7-azaindoles.

Discovering microproteins: making the most of ribosome profiling data.

Building a reference set of protein-coding open reading frames (ORFs) has revolutionized biological process discovery and understanding. Traditionally, gene models have been confirmed using cDNA sequencing and encoded translated regions inferred using sequence-based detection of start and stop combinations longer than 100 amino-acids to prevent false positives. This has led to small ORFs (smORFs) and their encoded proteins left un-annotated.

Deep learning models will shape the future of stem cell research.

Our ability to understand and control stem cell biology is being augmented by developments on two fronts, our ability to collect more data describing cell state and our capability to comprehend these data using deep learning models. Here we consider the impact deep learning will have in the future of stem cell research. We explore the importance of generating data suitable for these methods, the requirement for close collaboration between experimental and computational researchers, and the challenges we face to do this fairly and effectively.

Targeting endogenous kidney regeneration using anti-IL11 therapy in acute and chronic models of kidney disease.

The kidney has large regenerative capacity, but this is compromised when kidney damage is excessive and renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) undergo SNAI1-driven growth arrest. Here we investigate the role of IL11 in TECs, kidney injury and renal repair. IL11 stimulation of TECs induces ERK- and p90RSK-mediated GSK3β inactivation, SNAI1 upregulation and pro-inflammatory gene expression.

IL11 Stimulates IL33 Expression and Proinflammatory Fibroblast Activation across Tissues.

Interleukin 11 (IL11) is upregulated in inflammatory conditions, where it is mostly believed to have anti-inflammatory activity. However, recent studies suggest instead that IL11 promotes inflammation by activating fibroblasts. Here, we assessed whether IL11 is pro- or anti-inflammatory in fibroblasts.

LINC01013 Is a Determinant of Fibroblast Activation and Encodes a Novel Fibroblast-Activating Micropeptide.

Myocardial fibrosis confers an almost threefold mortality risk in heart disease. There are no prognostic therapies and novel therapeutic targets are needed. Many thousands of unannotated small open reading frames (smORFs) have been identified across the genome with potential to produce micropeptides (< 100 amino acids).

CLIPreg: constructing translational regulatory networks from CLIP-, Ribo- and RNA-seq.

Motivation: The creation and analysis of gene regulatory networks have been the focus of bioinformatics research and underpins much of what is known about gene regulation. However, as a result of a bias in the availability of data types that are collected, the vast majority of gene regulatory network resources and tools have focused on either transcriptional regulation or protein-protein interactions. This has left other areas of regulation, for instance, translational regulation, vastly underrepresented despite them having been shown to play a critical role in both health and disease.

Cardiomyocyte BRAF and type 1 RAF inhibitors promote cardiomyocyte and cardiac hypertrophy in mice in vivo.

The extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) cascade promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and is cardioprotective, with the three RAF kinases forming a node for signal integration. Our aims were to determine if BRAF is relevant for human heart failure, whether BRAF promotes cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and if Type 1 RAF inhibitors developed for cancer (that paradoxically activate ERK1/2 at low concentrations: the 'RAF paradox') may have the same effect. BRAF was up-regulated in heart samples from patients with heart failure compared with normal controls.

Similarities and differences between IL11 and IL11RA1 knockout mice for lung fibro-inflammation, fertility and craniosynostosis.

Loss of function (LOF) in IL11RA infers IL11 signaling as important for fertility, fibrosis, inflammation and incompletely penetrant craniosynostosis. The impact of LOF in IL11 has not been characterized. We generated IL11 knockout (Il11) mice that are born in expected ratios and have normal hematological profiles.

Redefining IL11 as a regeneration-limiting hepatotoxin and therapeutic target in acetaminophen-induced liver injury.

Acetaminophen (-acetyl--aminophenol; APAP) toxicity is a common cause of liver damage. In the mouse model of APAP-induced liver injury (AILI), interleukin 11 (IL11) is highly up-regulated and administration of recombinant human IL11 (rhIL11) has been shown to be protective. Here, we demonstrate that the beneficial effect of rhIL11 in the mouse model of AILI is due to its inhibition of endogenous mouse IL11 activity.

Coding and non-coding roles of MOCCI (C15ORF48) coordinate to regulate host inflammation and immunity.

Mito-SEPs are small open reading frame-encoded peptides that localize to the mitochondria to regulate metabolism. Motivated by an intriguing negative association between mito-SEPs and inflammation, here we screen for mito-SEPs that modify inflammatory outcomes and report a mito-SEP named "Modulator of cytochrome C oxidase during Inflammation" (MOCCI) that is upregulated during inflammation and infection to promote host-protective resolution. MOCCI, a paralog of the NDUFA4 subunit of cytochrome C oxidase (Complex IV), replaces NDUFA4 in Complex IV during inflammation to lower mitochondrial membrane potential and reduce ROS production, leading to cyto-protection and dampened immune response.

IL11 is elevated in systemic sclerosis and IL11-dependent ERK signalling underlies TGFβ-mediated activation of dermal fibroblasts.

Objectives: Interleukin 11 (IL11) is highly upregulated in skin and lung fibroblasts from patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). Here we tested whether IL11 is mechanistically linked with activation of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from patients with SSc or controls.

Methods: We measured serum IL11 levels in volunteers and patients with early diffuse SSc and manipulated IL11 signalling in HDFs using gain- and loss-of-function approaches that we combined with molecular and cellular phenotyping.

Hepatocyte-specific IL11 cis-signaling drives lipotoxicity and underlies the transition from NAFLD to NASH.

IL11 is important for fibrosis in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but its role beyond the stroma in liver disease is unclear. Here, we investigate the role of IL11 in hepatocyte lipotoxicity. Hepatocytes highly express IL11RA and secrete IL11 in response to lipid loading.

Fibroblast-specific IL11 signaling drives chronic inflammation in murine fibrotic lung disease.

Repetitive pulmonary injury causes fibrosis and inflammation that underlies chronic lung diseases such as idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Interleukin 11 (IL11) is important for pulmonary fibroblast activation but the contribution of fibroblast-specific IL11 activity to lung fibro-inflammation is not known. To address this gap in knowledge, we generated mice with loxP-flanked Il11ra1 and deleted the IL11 receptor in adult fibroblasts (CKO mice).

Different roles of interleukin 6 and interleukin 11 in the liver: implications for therapy.

The interleukin 6 (IL6) family of proteins regulate important cellular processes and act through a variety of signaling pathways via a shared gp130 receptor. In the liver, there is a large body of evidence showing a protective and pro-regenerative role for IL6 and signaling. While a few studies suggest a pathological role for IL6 -signaling in the liver.

Characterising the loss-of-function impact of 5' untranslated region variants in 15,708 individuals.

Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are tissue-specific cis-regulators of protein translation. Isolated reports have shown that variants that create or disrupt uORFs can cause disease. Here, in a systematic genome-wide study using 15,708 whole genome sequences, we show that variants that create new upstream start codons, and variants disrupting stop sites of existing uORFs, are under strong negative selection.

Whole-Genome Sequencing of Finnish Type 1 Diabetic Siblings Discordant for Kidney Disease Reveals DNA Variants associated with Diabetic Nephropathy.

Background: Several genetic susceptibility loci associated with diabetic nephropathy have been documented, but no causative variants implying novel pathogenetic mechanisms have been elucidated.

Methods: We carried out whole-genome sequencing of a discovery cohort of Finnish siblings with type 1 diabetes who were discordant for the presence (case) or absence (control) of diabetic nephropathy. Controls had diabetes without complications for 15-37 years.