The Development and the Assessment of Sampling Methods for Hard-to-Reach Populations in HIV Surveillance.

Due to stigma or legal issues, populations with higher HIV risk are often hard to reach, which impedes accurate population estimation of HIV burden. To better sample hard-to-reach populations (HTRPs) for HIV surveillance, various sampling methods have been designed and/or used since HIV epidemic following the first reported AIDS cases in 1981. This paper describes the development and the assessment (i.

An Incognito Standardized Patient Approach for Measuring and Reducing Intersectional Healthcare Stigma.

Background: Consistent evidence highlights the role of stigma in impairing healthcare access in people living with HIV (PLWH), men who have sex with men (MSM), and people with both identities. We developed an incognito standardized patient (SP) approach to obtain observations of providers to inform a tailored, relevant, and culturally appropriate stigma reduction training. Our pilot cluster randomized control trial assessed the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effects of an intervention to reduce HIV stigma, anti-gay stigma, and intersectional stigma.

Willingness to use and intention to adhere to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among men who have sex with men in Jiangsu Province, China.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is a biomedical prevention approach that significantly reduces HIV acquisition. Our study aimed to explore factors associated with PrEP willingness and intention to adhere to PrEP among MSM through a cross-sectional survey in Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China. Location sampling (TLS) and online recruitment were used to recruit participants to gauge their PrEP willingness and intention to adhere.

Psychosocial and behavioral correlates with HIV testing among men who have sex with men during the COVID-19 pandemic in China.

Objectives: Some of community mitigation efforts on COVID-19 created challenges to ongoing public health programs, including HIV care and prevention services among men who have sex with men (MSM). The goal of the current study was to explore sociodemographic factors and the impact of COVID-19 on HIV testing among Chinese MSM during state-enforced quarantine.

Methods: We conducted a community based survey between May 1st to June 30th, 2020 on COVID-19 related impacts on HIV testing among 436 China MSM during the COVID-19 state-enforced quarantine.

Domestic Violence Victimization Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China During the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Many countries worldwide have implemented dedicated measures, such as shelter at home, to contain the spread of the COVID-19 virus. However, those mitigation measures may have major implications for individuals living with someone abusive or controlling. Domestic violence (DV) may be one of the unintended consequences of public health measures due to increased various stressors and reduced access to support and services.

Awareness of and barriers to using non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis among male clients of female sex workers in two cities of China: a qualitative study.

Unlabelled: Background Male clients of female sex workers ('clients' hereafter) are considered high-risk and potentially a bridge population in the HIV epidemic. Non-occupational post-exposure prophylaxis (nPEP) is a safe and effective but under-utilised public health intervention to prevent HIV transmission. This study aims to explore clients' awareness of nPEP, intention of uptake, potential barriers to nPEP uptake and adherence, and suggestions for nPEP promotion in China.

Stigma, HIV Risk, and Access to HIV Prevention and Treatment Services Among Men Who have Sex with Men (MSM) in the United States: A Scoping Review.

In light of recent advances in HIV prevention and treatment, we reviewed the literature to understand how different types of stigma impact HIV risk; access to HIV prevention, care, and treatment services; and related health outcomes among men who have sex with men (MSM) in the US. We conducted a scoping literature review of observational and qualitative studies that examined stigma and HIV-related outcomes among MSM. Our search identified 5794 studies, of which 47 met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis.

Modelling the impact of an HIV testing intervention on HIV transmission among men who have sex with men in China.

Objectives: An intervention developed through participatory crowdsourcing methods increased HIV self-testing among men who have sex with men [MSM; relative risk (RR) = 1.89]. We estimated the long-term impact of this intervention on HIV transmission among MSM in four cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Jinan and Qingdao).

Combating HIV stigma in low- and middle-income healthcare settings: a scoping review.

Introduction: Nearly 40 years into the HIV epidemic, the persistence of HIV stigma is a matter of grave urgency. Discrimination (i.e.

Sexual network distribution of HIV self-testing kits: Findings from the process evaluation of an intervention for men who have sex with men in China.

Background: The World Health Organization has recommended HIV self-testing (HIVST) as an alternative testing strategy given the limitations of facility-based testing. While the benefits of HIV self-testing have been demonstrated at the individual level among men who have sex with men (MSM), limited data exist on if this testing approach can be effectively diffused through individuals' social or sexual networks. The objectives of this study were to examine patterns and correlates of HIVST distribution within Chinese MSM's sexual networks.

A Men Who Have Sex With Men-Friendly Doctor Finder Hackathon in Guangzhou, China: Development of a Mobile Health Intervention to Enhance Health Care Utilization.

Background: Mobile health (mHeath)-based HIV and sexual health promotion among men who have sex with men (MSM) is feasible in low- and middle-income settings. However, many currently available mHealth tools on the market were developed by the private sector for profit and have limited input from MSM communities.

Objective: A health hackathon is an intensive contest that brings together participants from multidisciplinary backgrounds to develop a proposed solution for a specific health issue within a short period.

Anticipated HIV stigma among HIV negative men who have sex with men in China: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Anticipated HIV stigma, i.e., the expectation of adverse experiences from one's seroconversion, is associated with both negative psychological and behavioral outcomes.

A Crowdsourced Physician Finder Prototype Platform for Men Who Have Sex with Men in China: Qualitative Study of Acceptability and Feasibility.

Background: Men who have sex with men (MSM), including both gay and bisexual men, have a high prevalence of HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in China. However, healthcare seeking behaviors and engagement in clinical services among MSM are often suboptimal. Global evidence shows that embedding online HIV or sexual health services into gay social networking applications holds promise for facilitating higher rates of healthcare utilization among MSM.

Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in Chinese Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Latent Class Analysis.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a diverse population yet are often treated as a monolithic risk group. In China, MSM have long been characterized as a "bridge population" of closeted men who are married to (or will marry) women due to sociocultural expectations. Latent class models can inform a more nuanced yet empirical characterization of this population.

What happens after HIV self-testing? Results from a longitudinal cohort of Chinese men who have sex with men.

Background: HIV self-testing (HIVST) is a promising approach to expand HIV testing. HIVST is a process in which a person performs an HIV test and interprets the result. Negative HIVST results may encourage men who have sex with men (MSM) to use HIV prevention services.

What factors hinder ethnic minority women in rural China from getting antenatal care? A retrospective data analysis.

Background: Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is one of the main transmission routes of HIV, and the probability of MTCT can be dramatically reduced with comprehensive interventions. In southwest and western regions in China, the level of development in rural areas is relatively backwards and retains some original features, which also increases the difficulty of controlling infectious diseases. The Liangshan Prefecture started the prevention of MTCT programme in 2009.

Crowdsourcing to Improve HIV and Sexual Health Outcomes: a Scoping Review.

Purpose Of Review: This review synthesizes evidence on the use of crowdsourcing to improve HIV/sexual health outcomes.

Recent Findings: We identified 15 studies, including four completed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one planned RCT, nine completed observational studies, and one planned observational study. Three of the four RCTs suggested that crowdsourcing is an effective, low-cost approach for improving HIV testing and condom use among key populations.

Reimagining Health Communication: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial of Crowdsourced Intervention in China.

Background: Crowdsourcing, the process of shifting individual tasks to a large group, may be useful for health communication, making it more people-centered. We aimed to evaluate whether a crowdsourced video is noninferior to a social marketing video in promoting condom use.

Methods: Men who have sex with men (≥16 years old, had condomless sex within 3 months) were recruited and randomly assigned to watch 1 of the 2 videos in 2015.

Quantitative evaluation of an innovation contest to enhance a sexual health campaign in China.

Background: Crowdsourcing method is an excellent tool for developing tailored interventions to improve sexual health. We evaluated the implementation of an innovation contest for sexual health promotion in China.

Methods: We organized an innovation contest over three months in 2014 for Chinese individuals < 30 years old to submit images for a sexual health promotion campaign.

Leading by Example: Web-Based Sexual Health Influencers Among Men Who Have Sex With Men Have Higher HIV and Syphilis Testing Rates in China.

Background: The spread of healthy behaviors through social networks may be accelerated by influential individuals. Previous studies have used lay health influencers to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among internet-using men who have sex with men (MSM). However, there is a lack of understanding of the characteristics of this key subset of MSM.

Recalling, Sharing and Participating in a Social Media Intervention Promoting HIV Testing: A Longitudinal Analysis of HIV Testing Among MSM in China.

Social media interventions may enhance HIV services among key populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM). This longitudinal analysis examined the effect of recalling, sharing, and participating in different components of a social media intervention on HIV testing among MSM. The social media intervention included six images/texts and information about an online local community contest to promote testing.

Low Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing Rates Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in Guangdong and Shandong Provinces, China.

Background: Although periodic chlamydia and gonorrhea testing is recommended for men who have sex with men (MSM), little is known about testing rates in China. This study examines chlamydia and gonorrhea testing rates and testing correlates among Chinese MSM.

Methods: An online survey of MSM was conducted in August 2017.

Clan-involved approaches to increasing antenatal care use in a rural minority area of China: implementation research.

Aim: This study aimed to test a model which involved clans and health providers to increase antenatal care attendance in rural minority areas of China with high HIV prevalence.

Methods: Formative research was conducted to determine barriers and facilitators to antenatal care use. A strategy involving clans in addressing the barriers identified was developed.

No Place Like Home? Disentangling Preferences for HIV Testing Locations and Services Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in China.

In China, some health departments and gay community-based organizations have begun to offer home-based HIV testing kits in order to augment test uptake among men who have sex with men (MSM). However, HIV test preferences and motivations for home-testing among MSM in China are not well understood. The HIV testing preferences of 803 MSM throughout China were evaluated using single-item assessment and a discrete choice experiment (DCE).