Biofilms in the milking machine, from laboratory scale to on-farm results.

Raw milk is known to harbor a complex microbial community, including microorganisms of technological and human health interest. However, it can also be a source of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria, such as spore-forming bacteria and Pseudomonas spp. Despite cleaning and disinfection procedures, biofilms in milking machines are difficult to remove and represent a major source of milk contamination.